Genus Pentastiridius Kirschbaum, 1868

[Back to North American Cixiidae]

Family Cixiidae Spinola, 1839

Subfamily Cixiinae Spinola, 1839

Tribe Pentastirini Emeljanov, 1971

Genus: Pentastiridius Kirschbaum, 1868.

Type species: (in original combination):  Flata pallens Germar, 1821.

Synonyms

= Moysella Horváth, 1913 synonym by Van Stalle 1985: 444.

Subgenera

It is not clear that all the species have been assigned to subgenus.

Pentastiridius (Dicopolia) Emeljanov, 1995 (monotypic, Pentastiridius (Dicopolia) tesquorum Emeljanov, 2015) (=Pentastiridius (Dicopolia) breviceps (Kusnezov, 1937)(preoccupied)
Pentastiridius (Haliarus) Emeljanov, 1995 (includes Pentastiridius (Haliarus) dagestanicus (Kusnezov, 1937) (type species) (Pentastiridius obscurus (Signoret, 1865))
Pentastiridius (Pentastiridius) Kirschbaum, 1868 (type species Flata pallens Germar, 1821)
Pentastiridius (Podaplus) Emeljanov, 1995 (type species Oliarus haloxyli Mitjaev, 1971; includes Pentastiridius subterraneus Emeljanov, 1995)
Pentastiridius (Polania) Emeljanov, 1995  (Type species Oliarus nanus Ivanoff, 1885)
Pentastiridius (Stiraphana) Emeljanov, 1995 (Monotypic with Pentastiridius   liocara Emeljanov, 1978)

Distribution

Widespread, except for Australian and Neotropical ecozones (relatively rare in Nearctic).

Recognized species

There are two species in this genus north of Mexico as follows

1. Pentastiridius cinnamomeus (Provancher, 1889) – USA: CT, DE, MA, ME, NH, NJ, NY, PA; CAN: BC, ON, QC, NB
= Oliarus cinnamomeus Provancher, 1889: 223.
= Pentastiridius cinnamomeus (Provancher, 1889); comb. by Emeljanov 2001: 122.
2. Pentastiridius habeckorum (Mead & Kramer, 1982) – USA: NC, SC, VA
= Oliarus habeckorum Mead & Kramer, 1982: 443-446.
= Pentastiridius habeckorum (Mead & Kramer, 1982); comb. by Emeljanov 2001: 122.

Old World species [needs to be updated to reflect Emeljanov 2015]

The Old World species are divided into 7 subgenera (not including the nominotypical subgenus); Emeljanov (2015) has made substantive changes to the organization and composition of the genus, but I do not have access to that work at present.

The following is a tentative list of  species in this genus (species listing from FLOW; listing may be incomplete; some terminations may need correction).  The placement of some of these species needs review (several may also be listed under Oliarus).

1 Pentastiridius apicalis (Uhler, 1896) –  China (Beijing), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku), Russia (Khabarovsk, Primorye)
2 Pentastiridius badiensis Van Stalle, 1986 – Senegal
3 Pentastiridius beieri (Wagner, 1970) – Austria, France, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, Ukraine
4 Pentastiridius bifurcatus Van Stalle, 1986 – South Africa
5 Pentastiridius bohemani (Stål, 1859) – China (Hong Kong)
Pentastiridius breviceps (Kusnezov, 1937) – nomen praeoccupatum replaced by Pentastiridius (Dicopolia) tesquorum Emeljanov, 2015 nomen novum, according to Emeljanov (2015): 199
6 Pentastiridius confumatus Emeljanov, 1992 – Ethiopia
7 Pentastiridius (Haliarus) dagestanicus (Kusnezov, 1937) – Russia (Dagestan)
8 Pentastiridius dedecorus Emeljanov, 1992 – Ethiopia
9 Pentastiridius ecarinatus (Mitjaev, 1971) – previous combination of Reptalus ecarinatus (Mitjaev, 1971)by Dlabola (1988: 64) [Kazakhstan]
10 Pentastiridius eurycephalus Van Stalle, 1986 – Guinea
11 Pentastiridius felimontis Van Stalle, 1986 – Cape Provinces
12 Pentastiridius felis (Kirkaldy, 1906)-  Australia (New South Wales, Queensland),  Fiji , New Caledonia,  Samoa
13 Pentastiridius formicarius (Mitjaev, 1967) – to Setapius by Dlabola 1988, back to Pentastiridius by  Emeljanov (2015: 190) – Kazakhstan
14 Pentastiridius fuscoapicatus (Metcalf, 1954) – Philippines (Luzon)
15 Pentastiridius (Podaplus) haloxyli (Mitjaev, 1971) – Kazakhstan
16 Pentastiridius hodgarti (Distant, 1911) – India, Pakistan
17 Pentastiridius incultus Emeljanov, 1986 – Ethiopia
18 Pentastiridius inermis (Fennah, 1958) – Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan
19 Pentastiridius iphis (Linnavuori, 1973) – Chad, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan
20 Pentastiridius kassalanus Van Stalle, 1986 – Sudan
21 Pentastiridius kaszabianus (Dlabola, 1970a: 6) – Mongolia, Russia (Primorye, Tuva)
= Oliarus diabolculus Anufriev, 1970 synonym by Emeljanov (2015: 185)
22 Pentastiridius laevifrons Mitjaev, 1977 – Kazakhstan, Russia far east (do not have the reference)
23 Pentastiridius latus (Melichar, 1905) – Tanzania
24 Pentastiridius leporinus (Linné, 1761) – Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bohemia, China, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Mongolia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (Primorye), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Yugoslavia
25 Pentastiridius limbifer (Hesse, 1925) – Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga), Namibia, Nigeria
26 Pentastiridius (Stiraphana) liocara (Emeljanov, 1978) – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan – Kazakhstan
27 Pentastiridius lucidipes (Muir, 1924) – Philippines
Pentastiridius lukjanovitshi (Kusnezov, 1937) – to Setapius by Dlabola 1988 [Kazakhstan]
28 Pentastiridius moestus (Stål, 1855) – Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, KwaZulu-Natal, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Zimbabwe (ex Rhodesia)
29 Pentastiridius (Polania) nanus (Ivanoff, 1885)  – Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, Yugoslavia
30 Pentastiridius nigripennis (Synave, 1960) – Congo, Sudan
31 Pentastiridius (Haliarus) obscurus (Signoret, 1865) – France
32 Pentastiridius ogasawarensis (Matsumura, 1914) – Japan (Ogasawara-Shoto or Bonin islands), Mariana islands
33 Pentastiridius ovatus (Metcalf, 1955) – to Setapius ovatus (Metcalf, 1955) by Dlabola 1988 [Russia (East European Russia) Tatariya, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan (as Pentastiridius paulus Logvinenko, 1978)]

= Pentastiridius paulus Logvinenko, 1978 , syn. by Emeljanov (2015: 188).
34 Pentastiridius pachyceps (Matsumura, 1914) – Nansei-shoto (Ryukyu Islands), Taiwan
35 Pentastiridius pallens (Germar, 1821) – Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Germany, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Libya, Moldova, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Tadzhikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Yugoslavia
     Pentastiridius paulus Logvinenko, 1978 – [Azerbaijan; syn of Pentastiridius ovatus]
36 Pentastiridius proximus Logvinenko, 1978 – Azerbaijan
37 Pentastiridius sinaiticus (Horváth, 1913) – Egypt, Israel
38 Pentastiridius spinicoronatus Dlabola, 1988 – Italy
39 Pentastiridius (Podaplus) subterraneus Emeljanov, 1995 – Uzbekistan
40 Pentastiridius sudanicus (Lallemand, 1925) – Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan
41 Pentastiridius suezensis (Matsumura, 1910) – Czech Republic, Egypt, Greece, India (Bihar), Israel, Italy, Philippines, Philippines (Luzon), Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Spain, Sudan, Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia
42 Pentastiridius (Dicopolia) tesquorum Emeljanov, 2015 – Russia
= Pentastiridius (Dicopolia) breviceps (Kusnezov, 1937) nomen praeoccupatum replaced by Pentastiridius (Dicopolia) tesquorum Emeljanov, 2015 nomen novum by Emeljanov 2015: 199.
43 Pentastiridius tsoui (Muir, 1925) – China (Hubei, Jiangsu), Japan
44 Pentastiridius verheyeni (Synave, 1953) – Congo, Ivory Coast, Sudan
45 Pentastiridius virgultivagus (Hesse, 1925) – Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga) , Guinea, Namibia, South Africa (Northern provinces, ex Transvaal; Western Cape Province)

Economic Importance

Pentastiridius apicalis is known to occur on rice.  Other Pentastiridius (especially Pentastiridius leporinus) are known or thought to be plant disease vectors (of bacteria) (e.g., Bressan et al. 2011).   Pentastiridius apicalis may be a vector of strawberry marginal chlorosis (Aoki et al. 2011)

Plant associations

• Pentastiridius apicalis – Oryza sativa L. (Rice, Poaceae)
• Pentastiridius beieri – Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv. (Tamaricaceae) (Nickel 2003: 27)
• Pentastiridius felis  – Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth (Poales, Poaceae) according to Kacker (1925), Lycopersicon sp. (Solanaceae), Oryza sp. (Poaceae) (Löcker et al. 2006: 10)
• Pentastiridius iphis – Ludia (Salicaceae)
• Pentastiridius kaszabianus – Populus laurifolia Ledeb. (Salicaceae) (Saryglar 2015: 296).
• Pentastiridius leporinus – Eriophorum sp. (Poales, Cyperaceae) (Dlabola 1961, Nickel 2003), Carex sp. (Cyperaceae) (Nickel 2003: 28), Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae);  Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin? (Poaceae), Phragmites communis Trin. (Poaceae); Quercus robur L. (Fagales, Fagaceae) (Fahringer 1922); Scirpus sp. (Cyperaceae) (Dlabola 1961); Triticum sp. (Poaceae)   (Fahringer 1922, Dlabola 1961, Muir 1925: 366, Lodos & Kalkandelen 1980: 22, Kalkandelen 1990, Nickel 2003: 28, Gebicki et al. 2013: 26)
• Pentastiridius leporinus, Pentastiridius tsoui – Oryza sp. (Poales, Poaceae) (Löcker et al. 2006).
• Pentastiridius ovatus – Tamarix sp. (Tamaricaceae) (Kusnezov 1937: 161)
• Pentastiridius pachyceps (Matsumura) – Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Bermudagrass) (current nomenclatural status of this species requires review)
• Pentastiridius pallens and Pentastiridius leporinus  – Phragmites communis Trin. (Poales, Poaceae) (Dlabola 1961 and Kalkandelen 1990)
• Pentastiridius tsoui – Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae) (Muir 1925: 366)

Hosts from FLOW and Wilson et al. 1994; plant names from USDA PLANTS or Tropicos.

Parasites

Candidatus Phytoplasma solani [Stolbur – 16SrXII-A] (Bacteria, Mollicutes, Acholeplasmatales, Acholeplasmataceae) by Gatineau et al. 2001.

Pentastiridius leporinus – Candidatus Purcellialla pentastirinorum Bressan et al., 2009 (Bacteria, Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria); Wolbachia sp. (Bacteria, Proteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Rickettsiales, Anaplasmataceae) (Bressan et al. 2009)

Symbioses

Pentastiridius formicarius – Commensalism with Camponotus turkestanicus Emery, 1887 (Formicidae Formicinae) according to Emeljanov (2015: 190)

Recognition

With lateral spines on hind tibiae, mesonotum with 5 carinae, posterior margin of vertex angularly incised, middle portion of costal area of each forewing thickened, dark, and setaceous.

In Anufriev & Emeljaonov (1988), the genus is described as follows:

“Moderately flattened dorsoventrally, with more or less flatly folded fore wings. Head small, weakly elongate. Eumetope and postclypeus forming more or less flat, elongate hexagonal figure; median carina of eumetope  bifurcate near apex. Macrocoryphe moderately elongate, moderately groove-shaped, with arcuate transverse carina in anterior part; this carina (anterior carina of coryphe) connected by longitudinal carinae approximate in the middle with fork of median frontal carina. Pronotum narrow from above; its anterior carinae there nearly parallel to obtuse-angulate, concave posterior margin. Scutellum with 5 carinae. Hind tibiae with 3 lateral teeth. Ovipositor reduced; waxen field above it well developed. Male. Anal tube flattened and slightly widened, more or less symmetrical, without processes and sharp projections. Styli with hook-shaped, more or less flatly widened apices bearing an oblique lobe-shaped carina dorsally at base. Theca slightly flattened dorsoventrally, with robust basal process on the right. Distal part of aedeagus slanting to left side; its basal part usually bearing 2-3 processes on the right and 1 process on the left. “

 

Online resources

FLOW.
Bugguide.
EOL.
GBIF.
BOLD.
INPN – Inventaire National du Patrimoine Natural
NBN atlas.
Fauna Europaea.
3I Interactive Keys and Taxonomic Databases

Collecting

[?]

Molecular resources 

As of this writing, Genbank has data for Pentastiridius leporinus, P. beieri, P. pachyceps and others; BOLD has data for Pentastiridius leporinus (26 Sept. 2018).

Selected references:

Aoki, M., M. Tanaka and Y. Narimatsu. 2011. Pentastiridius apicalis as probable vector of strawberry marginal chlorosis and its life cycle in Hokkaido. Annual Report of the Society of Plant Protection of North Japan 62: 169-173.

Anufriev, G. A. 1970. New and little known Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha) from the south of Primorye. Entomologicheskiye issledovaniya na Dal’nem Vostoke 1: 149-156.

Anufriev, G. A. 2009. Cicadina. p. 52-69. In:  2009. Insects of Lazovsky Nature Reserve., Russian Academy of Sciences, Far Eastern Branch, Institute of biology and soil Science, Vladivostok Dalnauka (Russia).

Anufriev, G. A. and A. F. Emeljanov. 1988. Volume II: Homoptera and Heteroptera. In: P.A. Lehr (ed.). Keys to the Insects of the Far East of the USSR in Six Volumes, Transliteration of the Russian title: Opredelitel’ nasekomykh Dal’nego Vostoka SSSR v shesti tomakh. Vol. 2. Ravnokrylye i poluzhestkokrylye. In: P.A. Lehr, (ed.). Keys to the Insects of the Far East of the USSR in Six Volume. Nauka, Leningrad. [English translation]

Aoki, M., M. Tanaka and Y. Narimatsu. 2011. Pentastiridius apicalis as probable vector of strawberry marginal chlorosis and its life cycle in Hokkaido. Annual Report of the Society of Plant Protection of North Japan 62: 169-173.

Arneodo, J. D., A. Bressan, J. Lherminier, J. Michel and E. Boudon-Padieu. 2008. Ultrastructural detection of an unusual intranuclear bacterium in Pentastiridius leporinus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 97(3): 310-313.

Bartlett, C. R., L. B. O’Brien and S. W. Wilson. 2014. A review of the planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) of the United States. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 50: 1-287.

Bressan, A. 2009. Agronomic practices as potential sustainable options for the management of Pentastiridius leporinus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) in sugar beet crops. Journal of Applied Entomology 133(9-10): 760-766.

Bressan, A., F. Terlizzi and R. Credi. 2012. Independent origins of vectored plant pathogenic bacteria from arthropod-associated Arsenophonus endosymbionts. Microbial Ecology 63(3): 628-638

Bressan, A., F.J.M. Garcia and E. Boudon-Padieu. 2011. The prevalence of ‘Candidatus Arsenophonus phytopathogenicus’ infecting the planthopperPentastiridius leporinus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) increase non linearly with the population abundance in sugar beet fields. Environmental Entomology 40(6): 1345-1352.

Bressan, A., F.J.M. Garcia, O. Semetey and E. Boudon-Padieu. 2010. Spatio-temporal pattern of Pentastiridius leporinus migration in an ephemeral cropping system. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 12(1): 59-68.

Bressan, A., W.E. Holzinger, B. Nusillard, O. Sémétey, F. Gatineau, M. Simonato and E. Boudon-Padieu 2009. Identification and biological traits of a planthopper from the genus Pentastiridius (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) adapted to an annual cropping rotation. European Journal of Entomology 106: 405-413. (or here)

De Haas, M. and C.F.M. Den Bieman. 2018. Ecology and distribution of dutch lacehoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen 50: 39-54.

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Demir, E. 2006. Contributions to the knowledge of Turkish Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera) with a new record, Pentastiridius nanus (Ivanoff, 1885). Munis Entomology and Zoology 1(1): 97-122.

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Dlabola, J. 1988. Reklassifikation der Gattungen der Pentastirini neue Taxone der Cixiidae (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 85(1): 49-70.

Emeljanov, A. F. 1971. New genera of leafhoppers of the families Cixiidae and Issidae (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha) in the USSR. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 50: 619-627.

Emeljanov, A. F. 1978. New genera and species of leafhoppers (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha) from the USSR and Mongolia. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 57(2): 316-332.

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Fennah, R. G. 1950. Fulgoroidea of Fiji. Bulletin Bernice P. Bishop Museum 202: 1-122.

Fennah, R. G. 1955. Contributions a l’étude de la faune entomologique du Ruanda-Urundi (Mission P. Basilewsky 1953) 78. Homoptera: Fulgoroidea. Annales du Musée Royale du Congo Belge (Sciences Zoologique) 40: 427-447.

Fennah, R. G. 1956. Insects of Micronesia, Homoptera: Fulgoroidea. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Insects of Micronesia 6(3): 39-211

Fennah, R. G. 1958. Fulgoroidea from the Belgian Congo (Hemiptera: Homoptera). Annales du Musée du Congo Belge (Sciences Zoologique). (Ser. 8) (1957) 59: 1-206 [35].

Fennah, R. G. 1967. New species and new records of Fulgoroidea (Homoptera) from Samoa and Tonga. Pacific Insects 9: 29-72.

Fennah, R. G. 1969. Fulgoroidea (Homoptera) from New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands. Pacific Insects Monography 21: 1-116.

Gatineau, F. , J. Larrue, D. Clair, D. Lorton, M. Richard-Molard and E. Boudon-Padieu. 2001. A new natural planthopper vector of stolbur phytoplasma in the genus Pentastiridius (Hemiptera: Cixiidae). European Journal of Plant Pathology 107: 263-271.

Gatineau, F., N. Jacob, S. Vautrin, J. Larrue, J. Lherminier, M.M. Richard and E. Padieu. 2002. Association with the syndrome “basses richesses” of sugar beet of a phytoplasma and a bacterium-like organism transmitted by a Pentastiridius sp. Phytopathology 92(4): 384-392.

Gebicki, C., D. Swierczewski and J. Szwedo. 2013. Planthoppers and leafhoppers of Poland (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha et Cicadomorpha). Systematics. Check-list. Bionomy. The Monograph. Annals of the Upper Silesia Museum, Entomology 21-22: 5-259.

Germar, E. F. 1821. Bemerkungen über einige Gattungen der Cicadarien. Magazin der Entomologie 4: 1-106.

Hayashi, M. and Satoshi Fujinuma. 2016. Part Fulgoromorpha. p. 323-355.In: Entomological Society of Japan. 2016. Catalogue of the insects of Japan. Volume 4 Paraneoptera (Psocodea, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera), 4. Editorial Committee of Catalogue of the Insects of Japan.

Hesse, A. J. 1925. Contributions to a knowledge of the fauna of South-West Africa. IV. Annals of the South African Museum 23: 1-190 [151].

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Horváth, G. 1913. Description d’un Fulgoride nouveau du Mont Sinai. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 11: 398-399 [398].

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Ivanoff, P. B. 1885. Liste des Cigales (Cicadina) des environs de Koupiansk avec tableaux synoptiques des genres et des espèces de ces insectes. Travaux de la Société des Naturalistes à l’Université Impériale de Kharkow 19: 83-158.

Jacobi, A. 1928. Rhynchota Homoptera. 1. Fulgoridae und Cercopidae in Results of Dr. E. Mjöberg’s Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910-1913. Arkiv for Zoologi. Utgifvet af K. Svenska Vetenskaps-akademien 19(28): 1-50.

Kacker, H. 1925. The life history of Oliarus felis Kirk. (Homoptera). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 8: 113-114.

Kalkandelen, A. 1990. Türkiye Cixiidae (Homoptera) Türleri Üzerinde Taksonomik Çalışmalar. V. Pentastirini: Pentastiridius ve Sepapius. Bitki Koruma Bulteni 30(1-4): 3-27.

Kalkandelen, A. 1993. Türkiye Cixiidae (Homoptera) Türleri Üzerinde Taksonomik Çalışmalar, I. Familyanın Morfolojik Özellikleri ve Cins Teşhis. Anahtarı. V. Pentastirini: Pseudoliarus ve Setapius. [Taxonomic studies on the species of Cixiidae (Homoptera) from Turkey. 5. Pentastirini: Pentastiridius and Setapius]. Bitki Koruma Bulteni 30(1-4)): 3-27.

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