Classification of the Fulgoridae

[draft]

This family was first recognized as a group by Latreille, 1807 (and Dumeril 1820), removed from the genus Cicada.   Linnaeus  (1758) had placed them in a subdivision of Cicada called Noctilucae.  As noted by Metcalf (1938, 1947), there had been ‘some’ discussion on the correct genotype of the family (as well as the names Laternaria Linné, 1764 relative to Pyrops Spinola, 1839); which was (mostly) settled by ICZN 1955, opinion 322.

Members of this family are often large and conspicuous – among the largest in the Auchenorrhyncha (save for some of the Cicadas) – and sought by insect collectors.  It is curious, given these circumstances, that the higher classification is so poorly understood and now shown to be artificial (Urban and Cryan 2009), but it is not clear how to best correct it.  The classification as used now, was constructed by Metcalf (1938) – building on Schmidt (1915), Muir (1923), Haupt  (1929) and earlier workers, presented in Metcalf 1947 as the following:

Subsequently, the classification of Fulgoridae was revised by Lallemand (1956, 1959a, 1960, 1963a, b) to recognizes 11 tribes in eight subfamilies: Amyclinae, Aphaeninae, Enchophorinae, Fulgorinae, Phenacinae, Poiocerinae, Xosopharinae and Zanninae.  The Fulgoridae in the usual sense was presented vividly by the illustrated catalogs of Porion (1994) and Nagai and Porion (1996; and subsequent updates).

However, Emeljanov (1979) – and subsequently in  Emeljanov (2004, 2011, 2013) – has transferred several groups formerly placed in Dictyopharidae (the putative sister group of Fulgoridae).  The placement of these taxa remains uncertain and has not been phylogenetically tested.

The only substantive quantitative phylogenetic work on Fulgoridae is that of Urban and Cryan (2009; trees given below [see also Urban 2008]).  Their work showed that the current higher classification is not natural (but they did not have sufficient data to propose a new one); that the head process was not a good phylogenetic feature, that Zanna was basal, branching prior to dictyopharid outgroups, suggesting that the genus be excluded from Fulgoridae or basal groups of Dictyopharidae belong in Fulgoridae as independently advocated by Emeljanov (1979 etc), and that there was strong biogeographic patterning among fulgorid lineages.

Fig. 1. Maximum parsimony analyses of combined data set. The topology shown is the strict consensus of 19 equally parsimonious trees (length = 6242) obtained from
unweighted MP analysis of the combined data set (no exclusions). The legend lists the conditions under which each additional MP analysis was run, corresponding to the
shaded cells depicted at the nodes.

 

Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood topology. Maximum likelihood score (ln) = 36214.04. Outgroup branch lengths are shown as inset.

Fig. 3. Bayesian 50% consensus topology. The topology shown was obtained from the 15,000 post burn-in trees sampled in the P8 heterogeneous analysis. An example of a
head from each included genus is illustrated next to its position in the topology. For taxa lacking an extended head process, a dorsal view of the head is depicted; a lateral
view is shown for taxa with a head process.

 

Fig. 4. Biogeographic hypotheses. The Bayesian topology depicting an Old World origin of Fulgoridae (left), the ML topology depicting Old and New World clades as sister
lineages (right).

Classification and details borrowed liberally from FLOW

Fulgoridae Latreille, 1807

Fulgoroides Latreille, 1807 (Cicadariae, Fulgorellae, Fulgorites) previous name of Fulgorida Latreille, 1807 (Homoptera, Fulgorida) according to Stål (1866).
Fulgorida Latreille, 1807 (Homoptera, Fulgorida) previous name of Fulgoridae Latreille, 1807 (Hemiptera, Fulgoridae) according to Melichar 1903: 11.
Fulgoridae Latreille, 1807 (Hemiptera, Fulgoridae) previous name of Fulgorinae Latreille, 1807 (Homoptera, Fulgoridae) according to Distant 1906: 178.
Fulgorinae Latreille, 1807 [Homoptera, Fulgoridae] previous rank of Fulgoridae Latreille, 1807 [Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoroidea] according to Muir 1923: 219, 230.

(Note the Dichopterinae, Lyncidinae and Strongylodematinae were formerly placed in the Dictyopharidae)

Subfamily Strongylodematinae Fennah, 1962
Tribe Capocleini Emeljanov, 2004
Capocles Emeljanov, 2004

Tribe Strongylodematini Stål, 1853
Capenopsis Melichar, 1912
Codon Fennah, 1962
Strongylodemas Stål, 1853
Tecmar Fennah, 1962

Subfamily Lyncidinae Schmidt, 1915
Tribe Lyncidini Schmidt, 1915
Lyncides Stål, 1866

Tribe Risiini Fennah, 1962
Risius Stål, 1859 type genus

Subfamily Dichopterinae Melichar, 1912
Tribe Cladodipterini Metcalf, 1938
Cladodiptera Spinola, 1839
Diacira Walker, 1858
Sclerodepsa Emeljanov, 2011

Tribe Dichopterini Melichar, 1912
Dichoptera Spinola, 1839 type genus
Wedelphus† Szwedo & Wappler, 2006

Tribe Dorysarthrini Emeljanov, 1979
Dorysarthrus Puton, 1895
Pibrocha Kirkaldy, 1902

Tribe Protachilini Emeljanov, 2013
Protachilus Fennah, 1944

“Traditional” Fulgoridae:

Subfamily Amyclinae Metcalf, 1938
Tribe Amyclini Metcalf, 1938
Alcathous Stål, 1863
Amycle Stål, 1861
Druentia Stål, 1866
Pseudoamycle Campodonico & Fierro, 2019
Rhabdocephala Van Duzee, 1929
Scolopsella Ball, 1905

Tribe Xosopharini Metcalf, 1947
Eningia Walker, 1858
Eurinopsyche Kirkaldy, 1906
Mantosyna Stål, 1869
Rentinus Metcalf, 1947 (= Eurystheus Stål, 1862 nomen praeoccupatum replaced by Rentinus Metcalf, 1947: 109)
Xosophara Kirkaldy, 1904 (= Rhinortha Walker, 1851 nomen praeoccupatum replaced by Xosophara Kirkaldy, 1904: 279)

Subfamily Aphaeninae Blanchard, 1847
Tribe Aphaenini Blanchard, 1847
Anecphora Karsch, 1890
Aphaena Guérin-Méneville, 1834 (= Euphria Stål, 1863 synonym by Atkinson 1885: 150)
subgenus Aphaena Guérin-Méneville, 1834
subgenus Callidepsa Stål, 1869
Aphaenina Metcalf, 1947 (= Aphana Stål, 1863 nomen praeoccupatum replaced by Aphaenina Metcalf, 1947: 150)
Apossoda Schmidt, 1911
Calmar Kirkaldy, 1901 (= Maeonia Stål, 1863 nomen praeoccupatum replaced by Calmar Kirkaldy, 1901: 6)
Coelodictya Jacobi, 1910
Copidocephala Stål, 1869 (= Coanaco Distant, 1887 synonym by Distant 1906: 23)
Eddara Walker, 1858 (= Glagovia Stål, 1859 synonym by Stål 1869)
Egregia Chew Kea Foo, Porion & Audibert, 2010
Holodictya Gerstaecker, 1895
Hypselometopum Stål, 1853
Kalidasa Kirkaldy, 1900 (= Phoronis Stål, 1863 nomen praeoccupatum replaced by Kalidasa Kirkaldy, 1900: 243)
Limois Stål, 1863 (= Oxycephala† Hong, 1979 synonym of Limois Stål, 1863 according to Zhang 1989)
Lycorma Stål, 1863
Malfeytia Schmidt, 1905
Metaphaena Schmidt, 1905
Novodictya Lallemand, 1928
Omalocephala Spinola, 1839 (= Homalocephala Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843: 402 misspelling of Omalocephala Spinola, 1839, corrected by Schaum 1850)
Penthicodes Blanchard, 1845 (= Penthicus Blanchard, 1840 by Distant 1906)
Subgenus Ereosoma Kirkaldy, 1906
Subgenus Penthicodes Blanchard, 1845
Prolepta Walker, 1851 (= Cynthila Stål, 1863 synonym by Kirkaldy 1906: 249)
Scamandra Stål, 1863
Ulasia Stål, 1863

Tribe Benamatapini Lallemand, 1959 (= Zaumseilini Schmidt, 1924 synonym of Benamatapini Lallemand, 1959 according to Lallemand 1959: 60)
Benamatapa Distant, 1899 (= Helvia Melichar 2010, preoccupied replaced by Levia Metcalf 1947; = Zaumseilia Schmidt, 1924 synonym by Lallemand 1959: 60)

Tribe Enchophorini Haupt, 1929
Artacie Stål, 1866
Belbina Stål, 1863 (= Cornelia Stål, 1866 by according to Constant 2014: 4)
Chilobia Stål, 1863 (= Ecuadoria Distant, 1906 by O’Brien 1991: 147)
Enchophora Spinola, 1839
Enhydria Walker, 1858 (= Ulubra Stål, 1866 by Stål 1870; status revivisco by O’Brien 1985: 662)

Subfamily Aphaeninae incertae sedis
Bhaskaraena Constant, 2016
Bloeteanella Lallemand, 1959
Neoalcathous Wang & Huang, 1989
Neolieftinckana Lallemand, 1963

Subfamily Phenacinae Haupt, 1929
Tribe Phenacini Haupt, 1929
Cerogenes Horváth, 1909
Menenia Stål, 1866
Phenax Germar, 1833 type genus
Pterodictya Burmeister, 1835

Subfamily Poiocerinae Haupt, 1929
Tribe Diloburini Metcalf, 1938
Aracynthus Stål, 1866 (=Abrahameria Distant, 1920 synonym by O’Brien 1985: 660)
Dilobura Spinola, 1839 type genus
Echetra Walker, 1858 (= Rhonichia Stål, 1863 synonym by Distant 1906;  = Amalivaca Distant, 1887 synonym by Distant 1906)
Episcius Spinola, 1839
Japetus Stål, 1863
Obia Distant, 1887
Zepasa Distant, 1906

Tribe Lystrini Spinola, 1839
Lystra Fabricius, 1803
Lystrenia Fennah & Carvalho, 1963

Tribe Paralystrini Metcalf, 1938
Paralystra White, 1846 type genus

Tribe Poiocerini Haupt, 1929
subtribe Calyptoproctina Metcalf, 1938
Alphina Stål, 1863
Birdantis Stål, 1863
Subgenus Birdantis Stål, 1863
Subgenus Myrilla Distant, 1888
Calyptoproctus Spinola, 1839 type genus
Coptopola Stål, 1869
Curetia Stål, 1862
Cyrpoptus Stål, 1862
Desudaba Walker, 1858
Desudaboides Musgrave, 1927
Erilla Distant, 1906
Galela Distant, 1906
Gebenna Stål, 1863
Jamaicastes Kirkaldy, 1900
Learcha Stål, 1863
Matacosa Distant, 1906
Oeagra Stål, 1863
Pelidnopepla Stål, 1869
Polydictya Guérin-Méneville, 1844
Scaralis Stål, 1863
Tabocasa Distant, 1906
Tomintus Stål, 1864

Subtribe Poiocerina Haupt, 1929
Aburia Stål, 1866
Acmonia Stål, 1866
Acraephia Stål, 1866
Alaruasa Distant, 1906
Aliphera Stål, 1866
Amantia Stål, 1864
Crepusia Stål, 1866
Florichisme Kirkaldy, 1904
Hypaepa Stål, 1862
Itzalana Distant, 1905
Oomima Berg, 1879
Poblicia Stål, 1866
Poiocera De Laporte, 1832 type genus
Zeunasa Distant, 1906

Subfamily Fulgorinae Latreille, 1807
Tribe Fulgorini Latreille, 1807
subtribe Fulgorina Latreille, 1807
Cathedra Kirkaldy, 1903 (= Pristiopsis Schmidt, 1905 synonym by Distant 1906: 20)
Diareusa Walker, 1858
Fulgora Linné, 1767 type genus
Phrictus Spinola, 1839

subtribe Odontopterina Metcalf, 1938
Aphrodisias Kirkaldy, 1906 (Compsoptera Stål, 1869 nomen praeoccupatum replaced by Aphrodisias Kirkaldy, 1906 by Kirkaldy 1907: 248)
Odontoptera Carreno, 1841

Tribe Laternariini Distant, 1906
Datua Schmidt, 1911
Hariola Stål, 1863
Saiva Distant, 1906

Tribe Zannini Metcalf, 1938
Pseudodictya Schmidt, 1924
Radamana Distant, 1906
Rhicnophloea Gerstaecker, 1895
Rühlella Schmidt, 1924
Samsama Distant, 1906
Zanna Kirkaldy, 1902

Fulgoridae incertae sedis
Callospilopteron† Cockerell, 1920
Fulgora Linné, 1767
Pyrops Spinola, 1839
Amdewana Nast, 1951
Amerzanna O’Brien, 1991
Antsalovasia Constant, 2004
Auchalea Gerstaecker, 1895
Brasiliana Lallemand, 1959
Caldania Nast, 1951
Capenariana Lallemand, 1959
Flatolystra Nast, 1950
Fulgoricesa Koçak & Kemal, 2010 (= Weyrauchia Lallemand, 1956 synonym of Fulgoricesa Koçak & Kemal, 2010: 130)
Kutariana Nast, 1950
Neocynthus Nast, 1950
Nisax Fennah, 1977
Ombro Fennah, 1977
Pyrgoteles Gerstaecker, 1873
Saramel Fennah, 1977
Sinuala O’Brien, 1991
Stalubra O’Brien, 1991
Talloisia Lallemand, 1959
Ulubra Stål, 1866
Villala Goemans & O’Brien, 2005

Selected References

[These references are intended to include all literature that impacts fulgoroid nomenclature at genus-level and above, although some species descriptions are included among with works that annotate geographic distribution]

Allnatt, G. 2013. Recuration of the Fulgoridae collection at the Manchester Museum. Journal of Natural Science Collections 1: 44-47.

Atkinson E. T. 1885. Notes on Indian Rhynchota. No. 4. Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta 54: 127-158.

Audibert, C. and T. Porion. 2016. Enchophora sanguiflua n. sp., une nouvelle espèce néotropicale de Fulgoridae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha). Bulletin mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 85(3-4): 99-106.

Audibert, C., T. Porion and S. Nagai. 2016. Une deuxième espèce pour le genre Hariola Stål, 1863 : H. claryi n. sp. de Papouasie (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoridae). Faunitaxys 4(5): 1-5 [1].

Audouin, J. V. 1825. Fulgora. In: Bory de Saint-Vincent J. B. G. M. 1825. Dictionnaire classique d’histoire naturelle, 7. p. 75-76.

Bachmann, A. O. 2012. A catalog of the types of Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha and Sternorrhyncha (Insecta, Hemiptera) deposited in the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 14(2): 333-347.

Ball, E. D. 1905. Some new Homoptera from the South and Southwest. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, D. C 18: 117-120 [118].

Barringer, L. E. and E. Smyers. 2016. Predation of the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) by two native Hemiptera. Entomological News 126(1): 70-72.

Barringer, L. E., L. R. Donovall, S. E. Spichiger, D. Lynch and D. Henry. 2015. The first New World record of Lycorma delicatula (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoridae). Entomological News 125(1): 20-23.

Bartlett, C. R., L. B. O’Brien and S. W. Wilson. 2014. A review of the planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) of the United States. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 50: 1-287.

Blanchard, E. 1840. Homoptères. In: Blanchard E. 1840. Histoire naturelle des insects Orthoptères, Névroptères, Hémiptères, Hyménoptères, Lépidoptères et Diptères, 3. p. 171-178.

Blanchard, E. 1845. Septième ordre les Hémiptères. In: Blanchard E. 1845. Histoire des insectes, traitant de leurs moeurs et de leurs métamorphoses en général et comprenant une nouvelle classification fondée sur leurs rapports naturels, 2. p. 424-427. [424]

Blanchard, E. 1847. Descriptions of various genera of Homoptera with fixation. In: D’Orbigny A. C. V. D. 1847. Dictionnaire universel d’histoire naturelle, 10. Pp. 612 [642].

Blanchard, E. 1849. Hémiptères.. In: D’Orbigny A. C. V. D. 1849. Dictionnaire universel d’histoire naturelle. Atlas, 2. p. 1-3.

Bleuzen, P. and T. Porion. 2004. Fulgoridae 1. Supplement 1. New neotropical Fulgoridae. 30 pp. Hillside Books, Canterbury (Great Britain). [6]

Bolivar, I. 1879. Hemipteros nuevos del Museo de Madrid. Anales de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. Madrid 8: 133-146 [145].

Bosuang, S., C. Audibert, and T. Porion. 2015 Two new Polydictya from Borneo (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). Faunitaxys 3(3): 1-4.

Bourgoin, T. 1994. Review of the genus Odontoptera Carreño (Homoptera: Fulgoridae) with description of a new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 87(5): 516-552.

Bourgoin, T. and L. Arnaud. 2004. Une nouvelle espece de Fulgore: Phrictus buechei n. sp. (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoridae). Bulletin de la Societé Entomologique de France 109(2): 183-184.

Bourgoin, T.and A. Soulier-Perkins. 2001. Aracynthus loicmatilei, nouvelle espèce de Fulgoridae de Guyane française (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha). Revue Française d’Entomologie 23(1): 63-70.

Burmeister, H. C. C. 1845. Rhynchota. No. 8. Fam. Fulgorina Gen. Fulgora. In: Burmeister H. C. C. 1838. Genera quaedam insectorum. Iconibus illustravit et descripsit, 1. Sumtibus A. Burmeister, Berlin (Germany).

Campodonico J. F. and A. Fierro. 2019. Pseudoamycle polylepisae gen. et sp. nov., a fulgorid from the highlands of Northern Chile (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae). Zootaxa 4544(4): 589-597.

Carreno, E. 1841. Description d’un nouveau genre de l’ordre des Hémiptères. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. Paris 10: 275-277 [275].

Chen, X. S., L. Yang, and X. Y. Gu. 2007. Cixiidae, Tropiduchidae, Dictyopharidae, Ricanidae, Flatidae and Fulgoridae. In: Z.Z. Li, M.F. Yang, and D.C. Jin. (eds.). Insects from Leigongshan Landscape. Insect Fauna from National Nature Reserve of Guizhou Province, V. Guizhou Science and Technology Publishing House, Guiyang, China. 172-177.

Chew, Kea Foo, S. and T. Porion. 2007. Une nouvelle espèce de Saiva Distant, 1906 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) du Sabah, Est Malaisie. Cahiers Scientifiques 12: 5-7.

Chew, Kea Foo, S., T. Porion, and C. Audibert. 2010. Egregia marpessa: nouveau genre et nouvelle espèce de Fulgoridae de Bornéo (Hemiptera : Fulgoromorpha). Les Cahiers du Musée des Confluences. Etudes Scientifiques 1: 43-50.

Chou, Io, Huang Ju & Wang Si-Zheng 1984. Description of new species of Fulgoroidea from Yunnan (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Entomotaxonomia 6(2-3): 191-196.

Constant, J. 2004. Fulgoridae of Madagascar: description of a new species representing a new genus, key to the genera and list of the species (Homoptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Entomologie 74: 29-34.

Constant, J. 2009. A new species of Polydictya from Sumatra and notes on P. chantrainei Nagai et Porion, 2004 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). Annales Zoologici 59(3): 293-296.

Constant, J. 2009. Revision of the Afrotropical genus Scolopsomorpha Melichar (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae). Zootaxa 2219: 38-48.

Constant, J. 2010. A new species of Polydictya from Lombok (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoridae). Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie (N.S.) 26(2): 155-161.

Constant, J. 2010. Review of the Australian genus Desudaboides Musgrave with descriptions of four new species (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). Zootaxa 2351: 39-48.

Constant, J. 2010. The lanternfly genus Penthicodes: key to the species and review of the “Ereosoma group” with two new species and one new subspecies (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). Zootaxa 2523: 1-26

Constant, J. 2011. The genus Birdantis Stål in Australia (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). Zootaxa 2885: 44-54.

Constant, J. 2013. The Oriental lanternfly genus Scamandra: new species and taxonomical notes (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). Zootaxa 3709(2): 134-148.

Constant, J. 2014. Fulgoridae of Madagascar: description of a new species representing a new genus, key to the genera and list of the species (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 74: 29-34.

Constant, J. 2014. Review of the Oriental lantern-fly genus Egregia Chew Kea Foo, Porion & Audibert, 2011, with a new species from Sumatra (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 92: 1-9. DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.92.

Constant, J. 2014. Revision of the Malagasy lanternfly genus Belbina Stal, 1863, with two new species (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 102: 1-37 DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.102.

Constant, J. 2015. Review of the effusus group of the lanternfly genus Pyrops Spinola, 1839, with one new species and notes on trophobiosis (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 128: 1-23.

Constant, J. 2015. The lanternfly genus Polydictya (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) from Sulawesi and neighbouring islands, with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 110: 1-19. DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2015.110.

Constant, J. 2016. The new Oriental lanternfly genus Bhaskaraena gen. nov. with two new species (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 35: 1-12.

Constant, J. 2016. Two new species of Polydictya from Borneo and Siberut, and notes on P. chewi Nagai & Porion, 2004 and P. tanjiewhoei Bosuang, Audibert & Porion, 2015 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 43: 1-17.

Constant, J. 2017. Four new species of the Oriental lanternfly genus Scamandra Stål, 1863 from Sulawesi and neighbouring islands with taxonomic notes on the genus (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 50: 1-21.

Constant, J. and A.V. Mohan. 2017. The lanternflies from Andaman and Nicobar: one new Pyrops species, new records and illustrated key to the species (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 49: 1-24.

Constant, J. and Hong Thai Pham.  2017. Review of the clavatus group of the lanternfly genus Pyrops (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 305: 1-26.

Constant, J. and Hong Thai Pham. 2008. A new species of Polydictya from Vietnam (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoridae). Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie 25(1): 27-31

Constant, J. and Hong Thai Pham. 2017. Indochinese Polydictya lanternflies: two new species from Vietnam, identification key and notes on P. vietnamica (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). European Journal of Entomology 114: 279-290.

Constant, J. and Hong Thai Pham. 2018. Extension of the lanternfly genus Neoalcathous Wang & Huang, 1989 to Vietnam with a new species and new subfamily placement (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 59: 1-11.

Constant, J. and Hong Thai Pham. 2008. A new species of Polydictya from Vietnam (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoridae). Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie (N.S.) 25(1): 27-31.

Constant, J. and L. Alisto. 2015. Contribution to the knowledge of some Lanternflies of the Philippines (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 27: 1-16.

Constant, J. and Mohan Venkatanarayana 2017. The lanternflies from Andaman and Nicobar: one new Pyrops species, new records and illustrated key to the species (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 49: 1-24.

Constant, J. and Pham, Hong Thai. 2017. Review of the clavatus group of the lanternfly genus Pyrops (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 305: 1-26.

Constant, J., Sophany Phauk and T. Bourgoin. 2016. Updating lanternflies biodiversity knowledge in Cambodia (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) by optimizing field work surveys with citizen science involvement through Facebook networking and data access in FLOW website. Belgian Journal of Entomology 37: 1-16.

Costa-Neto, E. M. 2007. Fulgora laternaria Linnaeus, 1758 (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) na concepção dos moradores do povoado de Pedra Branca, Santa Terezinha, Bahia, Brazil. Revista de Ciências Ambientais 1: 36-56.

Costa-Neto, E. M. and J. M. Pacheco. 2003. “Head of Snake, Wings of Butterfly, and Body of Cicada”: Impressions of the Latern-Fly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in the Village of Pedra Branca, Bahia State, Brazil. Journal of Ethnobiology 23(1): 23-46.

Da Fonseca, J. P. 1932. Novos subsidios para o conhecimento do genero Laternaria L. (Homopt., Fulgoridae). Revista de Entomologia. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil 2: 1-5.

Dara, S.K., L. Barringer, and S.P. Arthurs. 2015. Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae): A new invasive pest in the United States. Journal of Integrated Pest Management 6(1): 20. 6pp. DOI: 10.1093/jipm/pmv021

Distant, W. L. 1887. Rhynchota : Homoptera. Biologia Centrali-Americana; contributions to the knowledge of the fauna and flora of Mexico and Central America 1: 25-32.

Distant, W. L. 1906. Rhynchotal notes xxxviii. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London. (Ser. 7) 18: 18-32.

Distant, W. L. 1906. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. 3: 503 pp. Lt. Col. C. T. Birgham.

Distant, W. L. 1908. Conclusion of the Fulgoridae, the Membracidae and Cercopidae with several new genera and new species. Insecta Transvaaliensia. A contribution to a knowledge of the entomology of South Africa 9: 205-228 [206].

Distant, W. L. 1918. The Homoptera of Indo-China. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London. (Ser. 9) 1: 196-200.

Dohrn, F. A. 1859. Homoptera. Catalogus Hemipterorum. Herausgegeben von dem entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin 1859: 56-93.

Donovan, E. 1797. Natural history of British insects. 6: 86 pp.

Emeljanov, A. F. 1979. [The problem of family distinction between the Fulgoridae and the Dictyopharidae (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha)] Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 82: 3-22. [in Russian]

Emeljanov, A. F. 2004. A new genus and tribe of Strongylodematinae (Homoptera: Fulgoridae). Zoosystematica Rossica 13(1): 52.

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