Genus Chloriona Fieber, 1866

[Back to Higher classification of Delphacidae]

Family Delphacidae Leach, 1815

Subfamily Delphacinae Leach, 1815

Tribe Delphacini Leach, 1815

Genus Chloriona Fieber, 1866: 522.

Distribution

Widespread in the Palearctic region, Asia, and Africa.  One species is misplaced in this genus from Jamaica, one species adventive to North America.

Type species (in original combination):  Delphax unicolor Herrich-Schaffer, 1835.

Recognized species

There are 22 (or so) recognized species in this genus:

New World

1 Chloriona nigrifrons Van Duzee, 1907: 45– Jamaica

Old World (distribution records incomplete)

1 Chloriona adunca Ding, 1981 – China
2 Chloriona alaica Dubovsky, 1970 – Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia (Tuva), Russia (Kirghizia)
Chloriona albotristriata (Kirkaldy, 1907) (Australia) – moved into Nilaparvata
3 Chloriona arakawai Matsumura, 1935 – Japan (Shikoku)
4 Chloriona chinai Ossiannilsson, 1946 – Estonia, Finland, Sweden, East European Russia,
5 Chloriona clavata Dlabola, 1960 – Afghanistan, Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Moldavia,  Mongolia, (eastern) Russia (e.g., Dagestan), Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia, more.
6 Chloriona dorsata Edwards, 1898: 59 – Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia, more.
= Chloriona danica Jensen-Haarup, 1917 synonym by Jensen-Haarup (1920)
= Chloriona zaisanica Mitjaev, 1971; syn apparently by Holzinger et al. (2003).
7 Chloriona glaucescens Fieber, 1866: 522 – Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia, Mellum Island
= Chloriona unicolor alba Sahlberg, 1871; syn by Nast 1972: 48 (syn. as “?” under unicolor unicolor (Herrich-Schaffer) in Wagner 1963: 174).
= Chloriona unicolor dorsalis Sahlberg, 1871; syn by Nast 1972: 48 (syn. as “?” under unicolor unicolor (Herrich-Schaffer) in Wagner 1963: 174)..
= Chloriona unicolor flava Sahlberg, 1871; syn by Nast 1972: 48 (syn. as “?” under unicolor unicolor (Herrich-Schaffer) in Wagner 1963: 174)..
= Chloriona unicolor nigrofasciata Sahlberg, 1871; syn by Nast 1972: 48 (syn. as “?” under unicolor unicolor (Herrich-Schaffer) in Wagner 1963: 174)..
= Chloriona unicolor nigromaculata Sahlberg, 1871; syn by Nast 1972: 48 (syn. as “?” under unicolor unicolor (Herrich-Schaffer) in Wagner 1963: 174)..
Chloriona gvosdevi Mitjaev, 1980: 36 (Kazakhstan) – see Paradelphacodes (viz. Mitjaev 2002, see also Dmitriev & McKamey 2013).
8 Chloriona indigena Dubovsky, 1966 – Russia (Kirghizia)
9 Chloriona inermis Emeljanov, 1972 – Mongolia
10 Chloriona japonica Matsumura, 1935 – Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu)
11 Chloriona jegoroviensis Vilbaste, 1980 – Russia
Chloriona oranensis Matsumura, 1910 – (Algeria) – Syn with C. unicolor by Nast 1984: 393.
Chloriona ostorius (Kirkaldy, 1907) – (Australia) – see Harmalia.
12 Chloriona ponticana Asche, 1982 – Crete (also Greece, Lebanon, Morocco, Spain, Turkey here)
13 Chloriona sachalinensis Matsumura, 1935 – Russia (Sakhalin)
14 Chloriona shikokuana Matsumura, 1935 – Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku)
= Chloriona sukumonis Matsumura, 1935; syn by Nast 1972: 48
15 Chloriona sicula Matsumura, 1910 – Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Isreal, Italy (inc. Sicily), Kazakhstan, Morocco, Spain, Turkey; informally reported from Canada [Ontario, Quebec],  and USA [Massachusetts and apparently Pennsylvania])
= Chloriona flaveola Lindberg 1948 sensu Asche 1982 syn. by Nast 1984: 394.
16 Chloriona smaragdula (Stal, 1853) – Widespread in Europe, Russia, Middle East [Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Ukraine]
= Delphax smaragdula Stål, 1853: 174, original combination
= Liburnia smaragdula (Stål, 1853); combination by Stal 1866: 180.
= Chloriona smaragdula (Stal), comb. by Dallas 1867: 560.
= Chloriona prasina Fieber, 1872: 28. missp. for C. prasinula Fieber.
= Chloriona prasinula Fieber, 1872: 5 (1878: 297), syn. by Fieber 1872: 28, Puton 1875 : 118, Fieber 1878:  297 (Nast 1972: 48).
17 Chloriona stenoptera (Flor, 1861: 32) – Austria, Estonia, Germany, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Poland, Russia.
= Delphax stenoptera Flor, 1861, original combination
= Chloriona stenoptera (Flor, 1861), comb. by Dallas (1867: 560)
18 Chloriona strymon Fennah, 1958 – South Africa 19 Chloriona tateyamana Matsumura, 1935 – Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), Mongolia, Russia (Kazakhstan, Primorye – Maritime Territory), China, Taiwan,
Chloriona thyestes (Kirkaldy, 1907) – Australia (Queensland) (Syn. with Nilaparvata albotristriata (Kirkaldy) by Bellis & Donaldson 2016.
= Delphax thyestes Kirkaldy, 1907: 152, original combination
= Chloriona thyestes (Kirkaldy), comb. by Metcalf, 1943: 328.
20 Chloriona tosaensis Matsumura, 1935 – Japan (Shikoku)
Chloriona turneri Muir, 1929 – South Africa – synonym of Matutinus vitticollis (Stål, 1855) by ?
21 Chloriona unicolor (Herrich-Schaffer, 1835) – Widespread in Europe, Russia, Middle East (Afghanistan, Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Canary Islands, Crimea, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Italy (inc. Sicily), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malta, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Russia (Tuva), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Transcaucasus (Gruziya) [= Georgia], Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia)
= Chloriona oranensis Matsumura, 1910 – (Algeria) – Syn. by Nast 1984: 393, Noted Nast 1987: 629.
= Chloriona edwardsi  Le Quesne, 1960; synonym noted Nast 1987: 629.
= Chloriona canariensis Lindberg, 1954; synonym by Asche 1982
22 Chloriona vasconica Ribaut, 1934 – France, Germany, Poland, Russia (Karacheyevo-Cherkessiya, Krasnodar)

There were several ‘forms’ of Chloriona unicolor named by Sahlberg, 1871: 406, subsequently given names by Metcalf (1943: 330), I am not sure of their present status (i.e., valid names of synonyms; Nast 1972: 48 listed them as synonyms of C. glaucescens ).

Fossil form

Chloriona stavropolitana† (Becker-Migdisova, 1964) – Russia (Stavropol)
= Liburnia stavropolitana† Becker-Migdisova, 1962 nomen nudum of Chloriona stavropolitana† (Becker-Migdisova, 1964) according to Becker-Migdisova (1964)

Plant associations:

This genus feeds mostly on Phragmites (Common Reed) and Arundo (Giant Cane).  Reported from Phragmites are Chloriona chinai, C. clavata, C. dorsata, C. glaucescens, C. ponticana, C. sicula, C. smaragdula, C. stenoptera, C. tateyamana, C. unicolor, and C. vasconica.

Reported from Arundo are Chloriona clavata, C. flaveola, C. glaucescens, C. ponticana, C. sicula, C. unicolor, and C. vasconica.

Also reported C. tateyamana from Typha laxmanni Lepech.

See Wilson et al. (1994), Nickel (2003) and FLOW for additional plant association information.

Economic Importance: Both giant cane and common reed are important invasive plants in the New World.

Recognition

Chloriona nigrifrons does not belong in Chloriona (fixing this is on my list of things to do).  Evidently, the Australian species (Chloriona thyestes) does not belong either (and I am doubtful on C. strymon).

Keys to genus and species of the European fauna fan be found in Holzinger et al. 2003. Species are difficult because of intraspecific variation.

Flattened, head somewhat projecting, relatively large; most are greenish in life. Brachypterous individuals with very short forewings.  The male terminalia (pygofer broadly opened in caudal view, gonostyli narrow, simple, and widely diverging) are rather distinctive at the genus level.

Chloriona glaucescens by Gernot Kunz from FLOW.

 

Chloriona alaica

Chloriona smaragdula

Male

Female

 

Chloriona unicolor

Male

 

female

 

Chloriona nigrifrons (From Jamaica – this species does not belong in this genus.  I suspect I know where it belongs and I will put it there after I have some confirmation of my ideas.)

Holotype – Images courtesy Norm Penny, California Academy of Sciences

 

Online resources

Insects of Australia
FLOW
EOL
Discover Life
GBIF.
iNaturalist.
Bugguide.
EOL.
Gernot Kunz Kunzweb Gallery Europe (C. smaragdula)
Leafhopper, Planthopper & Psyllid Vectors of Plant Disease
Insects of Australia (Chloriona thyestes listed)
3I Interactive Keys and Taxonomic Databases (Dmitry Dmitriev)
Japanese Auchenorrhyncha Image Gallery (C. tateyamana)
DEpository (Metazoa of Germany) (several species listed)

Web images

Flickr (search = Chloriona)
Chloriona tateyamana on the Japanese Auchenorrhyncha Image Gallery
Chloriona japonica on Wiki Commons
Chloriona smaragdula on Gernot Kunz website
Chloriona unicolor on Lincolnshires Flora and Fauna

and there are others…

Molecular resources

On Genbank there is some sequence data for Chloriona dorsata, C. glaucescens, C. smaragdula, C. unicolor and C. vasconica here. BOLD has barcode data for 3 species of Chloriona (here).

Selected references

Anufriev, G. A. 2009. Cicadina. Pp. 52-69. In: Insects of Lazovsky Nature Reserve., Russian Academy of Sciences, Far Eastern Branch, Institute of biology and soil Science, Vladivostok Dalnauka (Russia).

Asche, M. 1982. Intraspezifische Variabilität der männlichen Genitalarmatur, dargestellt am Beispiel der Chloriona-Arten Ch. flaveola Lindberg, 1948, Ch. unicolor Herrich-Schäffer, 1835 und Ch. ponticana nov. spec. (Homoptera Cicadina Delphacidae). Marburger Entomologische Publikationen 1(6): 159-190.

Becker-Migdisova, E. E. 1964. Tretichnye ravnokrylye Stavropol’ya [Tertiary Homoptera of Stavropol]. Trudy Paleozoologischeskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR 104: 1-116.

Bellis, G. A. and J. F. Donaldson. 2016. Reassessment of some of Kirkaldy’s Australian species of Delphacini (Hemiptera: Delphacidae: Delphacinae). Austral Entomology 55: 247–260. DOI: 10.1111/aen.12180.

D’Urso V., Gjonov I. V. & Mifsud D. 2019. New records of Auchenorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera) from the Maltese archipelago with an updated checklist. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Malta 10: 61-73. [PDF here]

Dallas. W. S. 1867. Insecta. Zoological Record. London 3: 558-573.

de Vrijer, P.W.F. and M. C. Gillham. 1993. Acoustic differentiation and reproductive isolation between reed feeding Chloriona planthoppers. In: S. Drosopoulos, P.V. Petrakis, M.F. Claridge, and P.W.F. de Vrijer (eds.). Proceedings of the 8th Auchenorryncha Congress. 9-13 August 1993. Delphi, Greece. Pp. 89-90.

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Dmitriev, D. A. and S. H. McKamey. 2013. Nomenclatural changes in Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae and Delphacidae (Homoptera). Zookeys, (277): 109-113.

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