Genus Tagosodes Asche and Wilson, 1990

[Back to Higher classification of Delphacidae]

Family Delphacidae Leach, 1815

Subfamily Delphacinae Leach, 1815

Tribe Delphacini Leach, 1815

Genus Tagosodes Asche and Wilson, 1990: 32.

Type species (in original combination): Dicranotropis cubanus Crawford, 1914: 595.

Distribution

Pantropical and adjacent temperate regions.

Recognized Species

There are 20 species worldwide, as follow (distribution records may be incomplete, especially for the Old World):

New World

1 Tagosodes albifacies (Caldwell, 1951 in Caldwell & Martorell 1951) – Puerto Rico
= Sogata albifacies Caldwell, 1951, in Caldwell & Martorell 1951: 173
= Tagosodes albolineosus (Fowler) comb.by Asche and Wilson 1990: 32

2 Tagosodes albolineosus (Fowler, 1905: 135) – USA: FL; Costa Rica, Cuba, ?Jamaica, Mexico (Tabasco, Veracruz), Panama, Puerto Rico, Nicaragua
= Liburnia albolineosa Fowler, 1905: 135.
= Megamelus albolineosus (Fowler, 1905); comb. by Crawford 1914: 610-611.
= Sogata furcifera (Horváth, 1899); syn. by Muir & Giffard 1924: 13 (error).
= Delphacodes albolineosa (Fowler, 1905); comb. by Osborn 1926: 360.
= Sogatodes albolineosus (Fowler, 1905); comb. by Fennah 1963b: 74.
= Tagosodes albolineosus (Fowler, 1905); comb. by Asche & Wilson 1990: 32.

3 Tagosodes anomalus (Muir, 1926) – Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
= Sogata anomala Muir, 1926a: 27
= Tagosodes anomala (Muir) comb.by Asche and Wilson 1990: 32

4 Tagosodes approximatus (Crawford, 1914: 622) [Metcalf 1943: 351] – USA: FL; Bahamas (Great Inagua); Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina), Belize, Cayman Islands (Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac), Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico (inc. Caja de Muertos), Peru, Trinidad, Virgin Islands (St. Thomas), Venezuela
= Megamelus approximatus Crawford, 1914: 622.
= Sogata approximata (Crawford, 1914); comb. by Wolcott 1923: 273.
= Chloriona (Sogatella) approximata (Crawford, 1914); comb. by Fennah 1959: 259.
= Sogatodes approximatus (Crawford, 1914); comb. by Fennah 1963b: 74.
= Tagosodes approximatus (Crawford, 1914); comb. by Asche & Wilson 1990: 32.

5 Tagosodes biangulatus (Muir, 1929) – Argentina
= Sogata biangulata Muir, 1929a: 84.
= Tagosodes biangulata (Muir); comb.by Asche and Wilson 1990: 33.

6 Tagosodes cubanus (Crawford, 1914: 595) – (Common and widely distributed in the Neotropics) USA: FL, NJ?, TX; Bahamas (Great Inagua); Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil (Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Cayman Islands (Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac); Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico (Colima, Federal District, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morales, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Tabasco, Veracruz), Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico (inc. Mona Island), St. Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela, Virgin Islands (St. Croix); (NJ record probably in error)’ Palearctic: Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Sudan, Reunion (adventive?)
= Dicranotropis cubanus Crawford, 1914: 595.
= Dicranotropis cubana Crawford, 1914; emendation by Weiss 1917: 215.
= Megamelus puellis [sic] mexicanus Crawford, 1914: 626.
= Megamelus flavolineatus Muir, 1920: 143; syn. by Wolcott 1923: 273.
= Sogata cubanus (Crawford, 1914); comb. by Wolcott 1923: 273.
= Sogata mexicana (Crawford, 1914); comb. by Muir & Giffard, 1924: 15.
= Sogata cubana (Crawford, 1914); emendation by Muir 1926: 26-28.
= Peregrinus cubana (Crawford, 1914); comb. By Osborn 1926: 358.
= Sogata cubana pallida Osborn, 1935: 243.
= Liburnia cubana (Crawford, 1914); comb. by Metcalf 1943: 354.
= Liburnia cubana pallida (Osborn, 1935); comb. By Metcalf 1943: 254.
= Liburnia mexicana (Crawford, 1914);comb. by Crawford, 1914: 365.
= Chloriona (Sogatella) cubana (Crawford, 1914); comb. by Fennah 1959: 259.
= Sogatodes cubanus (Crawford, 1914); comb. by Fennah 1963b: 74.
= Chloriona (Sogatella) panda Fennah, 1958a: 491-492; syn. by Fennah 1969a: 56.
= Delphacodes pallidivitta Fennah, 1945a: 433-434; syn. by Asche & Wilson 1990: 33.
= Tagosodes cubanus (Crawford, 1914); comb. by Asche & Wilson 1990: 33.
= Liburnia cubana pallida (Osborn, 1935); synonymy in Bartlett et al. 2014.
= Liburnia mexicana (Crawford, 1914); synonymy in Bartlett et al. 2014.

7 Tagosodes dorsolineatus (Beamer, 1952: 112) – USA: Texas
= Sogata dorsolineatus Beamer, 1952a: 112.
= Tagosodes dorsolineatus (Beamer, 1952a); comb. by Asche & Wilson 1990: 33.

8 Tagosodes nauticus (Muir, 1926) – Guyana, Venezuela
= Sogata nautica Muir, 1926a: 26.
= Tagosodes nauticus (Muir); comb.by Asche and Wilson 1990: 34.

9 Tagosodes orizicolus (Muir, 1926) – USA (FL, LA, MS); Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Sao Paulo), Cayman Islands (Grand Cayman), Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, French Guiana,  Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico (Guerrero), Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad, Uruguay, Venezuela (common and widely distributed in the Neotropics)
= Sogata orizicola Muir, 1926: 27.
= Liburnia orizicola (Muir, 1926); comb. Metcalf 1943: 366, 547.
= Liburnia brazilensis (Muir, 1926); comb. by Metcalf 1943: 353, 547.
= Chloriona (Sogatella) orizicola (Muir, 1926); comb. by Fennah 1959: 259.
= Sogatodes orizicola (Muir, 1926); comb. by Fennah 1963b: 74.
= Sogatodes brazilensis (Muir, 1926); comb. by Fennah 1963b: 74.
= Sogata brazilensis Muir, 1926:26; syn. by Fennah 1965b: 215-217.
= Tagosodes orizicolus (Muir, 1926); comb. and emendation by Asche & Wilson 1990: 34-35.

10 Tagosodes wallacei (Muir and Giffard, 1924) – USA: FL, TX; Mexico (Guerrero); Belize, Brazil (Bahia), Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, Guyana, Honduras,  Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, Peru (?Honduras)
= Sogata wallacei Muir & Giffard, 1924: 13.
= Liburnia wallacei (Muir & Giffard, 1924); comb. by Metcalf, 1943: 371.
= Chloriona (Sogatella) wallacei (Muir & Giffard, 1924); bomb. by Fennah, 1959: 259.
= Sogatella wallacei (Muir & Giffard, 1924); new status by implication Fennah, 1963: 48.
= Tagosodes wallacei (Muir & Giffard, 1924); comb. by Asche & Wilson, 1990: 7, 36.
= Delphacodes ardentis Beamer, 1948c: 113-114; synonymy in Bartlett et al. 2014.

Old World

1 Tagosodes baina (Ding and Kuoh, 1981: 192 in Kuoh et al. 1981) – China
= Himeunka baina Ding & Kuoh, 1981, in Kuoh et al., 1981: 24.
= Tagosodes baina (Ding & Kuoh) comb.by Asche and Wilson 1990: 32.

2 Tagosodes candiope (Fennah, 1975: 97) – Sri Lanka
= Sogatodes candiope Fennah, 1975: 97.
= Tagosodes candiope (Fennah) comb. by Asche and Wilson 1990: 33.

3 Tagosodes elpenor (Fennah, 1964) – Mauritius, Reunion, Taiwan
= Sogatodes elpenor Fennah, 1964.
= Tagosodes elpenor (Fennah, 1964); comb. by Asche & Wilson (1990: 33).

4 Tagosodes flaviceps (Muir, 1929) – South Africa
= Opiconsiva flaviceps Muir, 1929
= Tagosodes flaviceps (Muir, 1929); comb. by Asche & Wilson (1990: 33-34)

5 Tagosodes incanus (Yang, 1989) – Taiwan
= Sogatodes incanus Yang, 1989: 176.
= Tagosodes incanus (Yang) comb.by Asche and Wilson 1990: 34.

6 Tagosodes melicerta (Fennah, 1958: 460) – Ivory Coast, Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese Guinea)
= Chloriona (Sogatella) melicerta Fennah, 1958c: 490.
= Tagosodes melicerta (Fennah, 1958); comb. by Asche and Wilson 1990: 34.
= Sogatodes neomphala Asche, 1988; Synonym byAsche and Wilson 1990: 34.

7 Tagosodes nicias (Fennah, 1965: 45) – Papua New Guinea
= Sogatodes nicias Fennah, 1965b: 45.
= Tagosodes nicias (Fennah); comb.by Asche and Wilson 1990: 34.

8 Tagosodes pusanus (Distant, 1912: 191) – Taiwan, Philippines, Micronesia, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, China Indonesia (Suliwesi)
= Sogata pusana distant, 1912: 191 (India).
= Kelisia fieberi Muir, 1917: 331 (Philippines), syn. by Fennah, 1971a: 574.
= Unkana formosella Matsumura, 1935: 72; (Taiwan), syn. by Fennah, 1971a: 574.
= Sogata striatus Qadri & Mirza, 1960: 117 (Pakistan) nomen nudum (invalid under article 13 of the code of Zoological Nomenclature (1985); syn. by Asche and Wilson 1990: 34.
= Himeunka chibana Tian & Kuoh, 1981, in Kuoh et al., 1981: 193 (China). Syn.by Asche and Wilson 1990: 36.
= Sogatodes assimilis Yang 1989: 178 (Taiwan); Syn. by Asche and Wilson 1990: 36.
= Tagosodes pusanus (Distant); comb.by Asche and Wilson 1990: 34.

9 Tagosodes sternalis (Distant, 1916: 139) – Sri Lanka
= Sogata sternalis Distant, 1916: 139 (Sri Lanka).
= Tagosodes sternalis (Distant) comb. by Asche and Wilson 1990: 36.

10 Tagosodes timaea (Fennah, 1969: 56) – Sudan
= Sogatella timaea Fennah, 1969b: 56 (Sudan).
= Tagosodes timaea (Fennah); comb.by Asche and Wilson 1990: 36.

Plant associations

Tagosodes cubanus and T. orizicolus are both rice pests in the Neotropics.  Both species are recorded from Oryza sativa L. (rice), Echinochloa sp. (cockspur grass), Cocos nucifera L. (coconut palm).

Tagosodes cubanus – Chloris gayana Kunth, Echinochloa sp., Festuca sp., Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb., Oryza sativa L., Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov., Saccharum officinarum L., Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb. ex M.B. Moss, Zea mays L. (Poales, Poaceae; Bonfils et al. 1994); Cocos nucifera L. L. (Arecales, Arecaceae; Bonfils et al. 1994)

Tagosodes albolineous has been found in abundance on Paspalum fluitans (Elliott) Kunth in Florida

Tagosodes elpenor – Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.. Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb. ex M.B. Moss (Poaceae; Bonfils et al. 1994)

Tagosodes melicerta – Oryza sativa L (rice)

Tagosodes orizicolus – Oryza sativa L (rice), Echinochloa sp. (cockspur grass)

Plant names according to the PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov).  Sources Wilson and O;Brien 1987, Wilson et al. 1994, Bonfils et al. 1994; see  FLOW for plant associations I might have missed.

 Predation/parasitism

Tagosodes melicerta – Psenulus sp. (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae; Etienne et al. 1992: 167)

Economic importance

Tagosodes cubanus is a vector of Rice hoja blanca tenuivirus (RHBV)

Tagosodes orizicolus is a vector of Mal de Rio Cuarto fijivirus (MRCV), and Rice hoja blanca tenuivirus (RHBV)

Quote from Plantwise technical factsheet:

T. orizicolus is the main vector of Rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV), one of the most destructive rice diseases in the Western Hemisphere (Everett and Lamey, 1969). Like many other vectors, T. orizicolus causes direct feeding damage, which can be economically significant in the absence of the virus when insect field populations are high. During severe insect infestations in 1964 and 1965 in Colombia, direct damage reduced rice yields to 600 to 800 kg/ha as against the normal yield of 3000 to 5000 kg/ha (Jennings and Pineda, 1971).

The RHBV-T. orizicolus complex has caused serious production losses in Latin America. RHBV caused an endemic disease on rice in Colombia as early as 1935 (Garces, 1940, 1941). However, the disease did not become significant until 1956 when improved varieties from other countries were planted extensively (Galvez, 1969). Atkins and Adair (1957) estimated the rice crop losses to be 25% in Cuba and 50% in Venezuela with losses in certain fields as high as 75% (USDA-ARS, 1960). Major epiphytotics occurred in Cuba from 1954 to 1956 (Atkins and Adair, 1957) and the disease virtually disappeared from most of the regions of Latin America for nearly 15 years (Galvez, 1969). In 1981, serious widespread outbreaks recurred in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, causing losses up to 100% (Vargas, 1985) since severely affected fields may not be harvested (Jennings, 1963).

Recognition

This genus is very similar to Sogatella (and to a lesser degree Distantinus ). All species tend to be brown (Tagosodes is frequently darker than Sogatella) with a conspicuous pale stripe down the midline of the dorsum.  Like Sogatella, color can be both helpful and misleading, particularly since color intensity varies between males and females of the same species and between individuals from different localities.  Recognition of species can be difficult, and with some exceptions, requires males.  Some species can be very common and are found in considerable numbers.  Individuals can travel considerable distances and may be found well outside their usual range (possibly explaining the New Jersey record for Tagosodes cubanus).

Tagosodes can be separated from Sogatella best by the shape of the genital diaphragm of the male – which is broadly “u” shaped in Sogatella versus a rectangular protrusion or raise T-shaped area in Tagosodes.

Tagosodes albolineosus

Below – Excellent live photos of Tagosodes albolineosus on Paspalum repens (= Paspalum fluitans (Elliott) Kunth, horsetail paspalum) in Florida, courtesy Lyle Buss (University of Florida, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Florida Plant Diagnostics Network)

Adult

Tagosodes albolineosus adult on Paspalum repens

On host – Paspalum repens (= Paspalum fluitans (Elliott) Kunth)

Nymph

Tagosodes albifacies (Caldwell 1951)

Tagosodes anomalus

Tagosodes approximatus

Tagosodes approximatus From Caldwell & Martorell 1951.

Tagosodes cubanus

Tagosodes dorsolineatus – male

 

Tagosodes dorsolineatus from Beamer 1952

Tagosodes dorsolineatus – female

Tagosodes orizicolus – male

Tagosodes orizicolus on rice (LSU ag center)Tagosodes pusanus (the pale frons is a female brachypter)

Tagosodes wallacei

Plates from Asche and Wilson 1990

Online resources

Tagosodes orizicolus on Leafhopper, Planthopper & Psyllid Vectors of Plant Disease.
3i.
EOL.
Bugguide. (genus not available, link to subfamily)
Discover Life.
FLOW.
Hoppers of North Carolina.
American Insects.
GBIF.
Forestry images.
BOLD.
Invasive.org.
Plantwise knowledge bank.

LSU Ag center.

Molecular resources

There are 3 Tagosodes species (pusanus, orizicolus, and wallacei) currently available on Genbank; and there are 2 species (cubanus and orizicolus) currently on Barcode of Life. (as of 2 Oct. 2017)

Selected references

Arias, M., M. Vivas and A. Pantoja. 1993. Parasitization of Tagosodes orizicolus and T. cubanus in northeastern Colombian ricefields. I International Rice Research Newsletter 18(2): 32.

Asche, M. 1988b. Delphacidae from Cote d’Ivoire (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea). Revue Francaise d’Entomologie (Nouvelle Serie) 10: 151-231.

Asche, M. and M. R. Wilson. 1990. The delphacid genus Sogatella and related groups: a revision with special reference to rice-associated species (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Systematic Entomology 15: 1-42.

Atkins, J. G. and C. R. Adair. 1957. Recent Discovery of hoja blanca, a new rice disease in Florida, and a varietal resistance tests in Cuba and Venezuela. Plant Disease Reporter 41(11): 911-915.

Attié M., T. Bourgoin, J. Veslot and A. Soulier-Perkins. 2008. Patterns of trophic relationships between planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) and their host plants on the Mascarene Islands. Journal of Natural History 42(23-24): 1591-1638.

Bartlett, C. R. and G. Kunz. 2015. A new genus and species of delphacid planthopper (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Delphacidae) from Central America with a preliminary regional species list. Zootaxa 3946(4): 510-518. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3946.4.2. [erratum subsequently published Zootaxa 3963 (4): 598–600; http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3963.4.7]

Bartlett, C. R., L. B. O’Brien and S. W. Wilson. 2014. A review of the planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) of the United States. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 50: 1-287.

Beamer, R. H. 1948c. Some new species of Delphacodes (continued) (Homoptera-Fulgoridae-Delphacinae). Part V. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 21: 111‑119.

Beamer, R. H. 1952. One old and five new species of delphacine fulgorids (Homoptera: Fulgoridae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 25(3): 111-115.

Bonfils J., S. Quilici and B. Reynaud. 1994. Les Hémiptères Auchénorrhynques de l’Ile de la Réunion. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 99: 227-240.

Caldwell, J. S. and L. F. Martorell. 1951 [dated 1950]. Review of the Auchenorynchous [sic] Homoptera of Puerto Rico. Part II. The Fulgoroidea except Kinnaridae. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 34(2): 133-269.

Crawford, D. L. 1914a. A contribution toward a monograph of the homopterous insects of the family Delphacidae of North and South America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 46: 557-640, plus 6 plates.

Denno, R. F., G. K. Roderick and K. L. Olmstead. 1991. Density-related migration in planthoppers (Homoptera: Delphacidae): the role of habitat persistence. American Naturalist 138: 1513-1541.

Distant, W. L. 1912a. Descriptions of new genera and species of Oriental Homoptera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 8) 9: 181-193.

Distant, W. L. 1916a. Rhynchota Homoptera: Appendix Vol. VI. In: A.E. Shipley, (ed.). The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor & Francis, London. 6: i-vii, 1-248.

Etienne J., G. Delvare and H.-P. Aberlenc. 1992. Contribution à lа connaissance de I’arthropodofaune associée аuх cultures de Casamance (Senegal). Bollettino di Zoologia agraria e di Bachicoltura II, 24(2): 159-193.

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Fennah, R. G. 1958. Fulgoroidea from west Africa. Bulletin de l’institute Francaises de Afrique Noire 20. Series A Pp. 20:460-538.

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Fennah, R. G. 1965. Delphacidae from Australia and New Zealand (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 17(1): 1-59.

Fennah, R. G. 1969. Delphacidae (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) from the Sudan Republic. Acta Entomologica Fennica 26:1-78.

Fennah, R. G. 1971a. Fulgoroidea from the Cayman Islands and adjacent Areas. Journal of Natural History 5: 299-342.

Fennah, R. G. 1975. Homoptera: Delphacidae from Ceylon. Entomologica Scandinavica (Supplement) 4: 79-136.

Fowler, W. W. 1905a. Order Rhynchota. Suborder Hemiptera-Homoptera. (Continued). Biologia Centrali-Americana 1:125-139. Plate(s): 13.

Garces-Orejuela, C. 1940. Informe de una Comissoin para estudiar y para presentar un plan de organizacion de projectos en patologia de plantas en la Estacion Agricola Experimental de Palmira. [Unnumbered report to Minisrer of National Economy, Bogata, Colombia] [this and next cited in Plantwise]

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Galvez, G. E. 1969a. Hoya blanca disease of Rice. Pp. 35-49. In: The virus diseases of the rice plant. John Hopkins, Baltamore/IRRI, Philippines.

Galvez, G. E. 1969b. Transmission of Hoya Blanca virus of Rice. Pp. 155-163. In: The virus diseases of the rice plant. John Hopkins, Baltamore/IRRI, Philippines.

Hernandez, M., T. Quesada, C. Munoz and A. M. Espinoza. 2004. Genetic diversity of Costa Rican populations of the rice planthopper Tagosodes orizicolus (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical 52(3): 795-806.

Jennings, P. R. 1963. Estimating yield loss in rice caused by hoya blanca. Phytopathology 53: 492.

Jennings, P. R. and A. Pineda. 1971. The effect of the hoya blanca virus on its insect vector. Phytopathology 61: 142-143.

Kennedy, A. C., C. R. Bartlett and S. W. Wilson. 2012. An annotated checklist of the delphacid planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) of Florida with the description of three new species and the new genus, Meristopsis. Florida Entomologist 95(2): 395-421.

Kuoh, C. L., J. H. Ding and L. X. Tian. 1981. A revision of the genus Himeunka Matsumura et Ishihara (Homoptera, Delphacidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica 24(2): 190-195.

Leach, W. E. 1815a. Entomology. The Edinburg encyclopedia; conducted by David Brewster 9: 57-172. (family Delphacidae here).

Llano C. A., C. R. Bartlett and G. Guevara. 2016. First record of the subfamily Asiracinae and Copicerus irroratus (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Delphacidae) in Colombia. Florida Entomologist 99(1): 120-122.

Macaya-Lizano, A. V., R. Pereira and A. M. Espinoza. 1997. Comparison of two tissue preparation methods to study the internal anatomy of the delphacid Tagosodes orizicolus with light and electron microscopy. Revista de Biologia Tropical 45(2): 927-932.

Mattio, M. F., A. Cassol, A. M. de Remes Lenicov and G. Truol. 2008. Tagosodes orizicolus: nuevo vector potencial del Mal de Río Cuarto virus. Tropical Plant Pathology 33(3): 237-240.

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