Genus Peregrinus Kirkaldy, 1904

[Back to Higher classification of Delphacidae]

Family Delphacidae Leach, 1815

Subfamily Delphacinae Leach, 1815

Tribe Delphacini Leach, 1815

Genus Peregrinus Kirkaldy, 1904

Type species (in original combination): Delphax maidis Ashmead, 1890

Synonymies

Hagamiella Fennah, 1958 synonym of Peregrinus Kirkaldy, 1904 according to Fennah (1969: 35)
Perigrinus Muir, 1915 wrong spelling of Peregrinus Kirkaldy, 1904

Distribution

Cosmopolitan (found everywhere), although most abundant in tropical and warm temperate regions.

Recognized species

Two recognized species worldwide as follows:

Peregrinus iocasta (Fennah, 1958) – Africa (Uganda, Ghana, etc.)
= Hagamiella iocasta Fennah, 1958, to Peregrinus iocasta (Fennah, 1958) by Fennah (1969: 35).

Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead, 1890) (the corn delphacid) [Metcalf 1943: 251] – Widely distributed (everywhere corn is grown, but most abundant in tropical regions).
= Delphax maidis Ashmead, 1890: 321; original combination
= Dicranotropis maidis (Ashmead, 1890), comb. by Van Duzee (1897: 227, 240), Kirkaldy (1904: 176).
= Delphax psylliodes Lethierry, 1903 (original combination), syn. by Kirkaldy 1907: 132.
= Liburnia psylloides (Lethierry, 1903) comb. by Melichar (1903: 101); synonym by Kirkaldy (1907: 132).
= Pundaluoya simplicia Distant, 1906 synonym by Kirkaldy (1907: 132); also Muir, 1917e: 147).
= Megamelus teapae albinotatus Crawford, 1914, original combination of Delphacodes albinotata (Crawford, 1914) by Muir & Giffard (1924)
= Delphacodes albinotata (Crawford, 1914) [nec Muir & Giffard, 1924] synonym by Beamer (1948: 106).

Distribution of Peregrinus maidis –

USA: AL, AR, CA, DC, DE, FL, GA, HI, IL, LA, NC, NJ, OH, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA; Antigua, Argentina, Bahamas (Exuma Cays, New Providence, N. Bimini) Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Brazil, British Virgin Islands (Guana); Cayman Is. (Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac), Chile, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico (Baja California Sur, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Federal District, Guerrero, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Veracruz), Navassa, Nevis, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico (inc. Vieques Island), St. Croix, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Thomas, St. Vincent, Surinam, Trinidad, Tobago, Turks & Caicos, Venezuela;

Palearctic: Bonin Islands, Japan, Ryukyus Islands, Okinawa;

Indomalayan: China, Dutch East Indies, India, Indonesia (Java, Ambon, Borneo), Malaysia, Mentawai Islands, Philippine Islands (Luzon), Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Viet Nam;

Pacific: Fiji, Galapagos, Guam, Henderson Island, Micronesia (Caroline Islands, Palau, S. Mariana Islands, Yap); New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands; New Hebrides, Pitcairn Isl., Samoa, Society Islands (Tahiti), Tonga;

Australasian: Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Northern Territory), New Zealand, Soloman Islands;

Afrotropical: Angola, Cape Province, Cape Verde Islands, Cameroons, Canary Islands, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Ghana, Gold Coast, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius (Rodriques Island), Mozambique, Natal, Nigeria, “Rhodesia”, Reunion Island, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanganyika, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Plant associations

Peregrinus maidis is reported from corn (the primary host), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), and Kola.

Peregrinus iocasta has no reported hosts.

Natural enemies and other symbioses

Anagrus flaveolus Waterhouse, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae)(Swaminathan & Ananthakrishnan 1984).
Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter, 1885 (Hemiptera, Miridae), an egg predator  Verma (1954),  Liquido & Nishida (1985).
Anagrus virlai Triapitsyn et al. 2018 (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) (Hill et al. 2019)
Gonatopus bonaerensis Virla (Espinosa  & Virla 2018, Espinosa et al. 2019)

CABI lists the following predators, parasites and pathogens of Peregrinus maidis:

Hymenoptera: Mymaridae – Anagrus breviphragma, Anagrus flaveolus, Anagrus frequens, Anagrus incarnatus, Anagrus optabilis, Anagrus osborni [Hawaii, maize] (Parasites, Eggs),
Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae – Anagyrus flaveolus (Parasite, Eggs)
Hymenoptera: Eulophidae – Aprostocetus sp., Aprostocetus beatus, Aprostocetus indicus, Tetrastichus pallidipes  (Parasite, Eggs)
Hymenoptera: Dryinidae – Haplogonatopus apicalis (Parasite, Nymphs)
Hymenoptera: Formicidae – Pheidole megacephala (Predator, Eggs/Nymphs)
Coleoptera: Coccinellidae – Cheilomenes sexmaculata, Coccinella septempunctata,  Coelophora inaequalis (Predator, Nymphs)
Dermaptera: Chelisochidae – Chelisoches morio (Predator, Eggs/Nymphs)
Hemiptera: Miridae – Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Predator, Eggs/Nymphs [Hawaii, maize]),  Tytthus mundulus (Predator, Eggs), Tytthus parviceps (Predator),
Hemiptera: Reduviidae – Zelus peregrinus (Predator, Eggs/Nymphs)
Acari, Erythraeidae, Erythraeinae – Bochartia sp. (Parasite, Adults/Nymphs)
Bacillales (Bacteria – Staphylococcus sciuri (Pathogen)
Mutualists (ants) are reported by Dejean et al. (1996, 2000); Peregrinus maidis is evidently facultatively ant tended.

Economic importance

Peregrinus maidis is a vector of Finger millet mosaic virus (FMMV), Iranian maize mosaic virus (IMMV), Maize sterile stunt virus (MSSV), and Maize stripe virus (MSV).  It is a very common and mobile species that is frequently found at lights considerable distances from likely host plants.  See also here (Leafhopper, Planthopper & Psyllid vectors of plant disease).

Peregrinus iocasta has no apparent economic importance, although specimens may be abundant at lights (the sex ratio of specimens at lights is very strongly female biased, based on museum specimens).

Recognition

Peregrinus maidis is a very distinctive species.  It is larger than many delphacids with slightly patterned wings and a pale stripe along the midline of the body; the middle carina of the face is forked well below the top of of the head in frontal view. Also, when viewing the specimen from the front, the face is often straw-colored near the top of the head and darker on lower portions of the face.  On host plants, short-winged forms can be very abundant.

Photos below courtesy Lindsey Flexner, Daniel Vincent; Insect Resistance Management Science, Dupont Agricultural Biotechnology.

Online Resources

3I Interactive Keys and Taxonomic Databases.
EOL.
Bugguide.
Discover Life.
FLOW.
Hoppers of North Carolina.
Kunzweb Gallery. (link to family)
American Insects. (link to family)
BOLD.
Wikipedia.
CABI.

Additional photos

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peregrinus_maidis_from_USDA.jpg
http://visualsunlimited.photoshelter.com/image/I0000M_UAYDvD_wA
http://www.nbaii.res.in/Pestsofcrops/Peregrinus-maidis.html

I have no photos of the African Peregrinus iocasta, but it is quite different from P. maidis.  Photos will be posted when they are available.

Molecular resources

There are a lot of resources available Peregrinus maidis in Genbank, including a complete mitochondrial  genome (16,279 bp).  BOLD has barcode data available (7 Mar. 2020).

Select references

(references are intended to include biology, nomenclatural acts, host associations and geographic references; the list is undoubtedly incomplete).

Agarwal, R. K., R. S. Verma and G. S. Bharaj. 1978. Screening of sorghum lines for resistance against shoot bug, Peregrinus maidis Ashmead (Homoptera: Delphacidae). JNKVV (Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya) Research Journal 12: 116.

Ammar, El-Desouky. 1985. Internal morphology and ultrastructure of leafhoppers and planthoppers. Pp. 127-162. In: L. R. Nault and J. G. Rodriguez. The leafhoppers and planthoppers. John Wiley & Sons,New York, USA.

Ammar, El-Desouky. 1986. Ultrastructure of the salivary glands of the planthopper, Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) (Homoptera: Delphacidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 15(5-6): 417-428.

Ammar, El-Desouky, 1987. Ultrastructural studies on the planthopper, Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead), vector of maize mosaic and maize stripe viruses. Pp. 83-92. In: M. R. Wilson and L. R. Nault.Proceedings of 2nd International Workshop on Leafhoppers and Planthoppers of Economic Importance. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA, 28th July-1st August 1986. London, UK; CAB International Institute of Entomology.

Ammar, E. D., L. R. Nault, W. E. Styer and Y. M. Saif. 1987. Staphylococcus, paramyxovirus-like, rickettsia-like and other structures in Peregrinus maidis (Homoptera, Delphacidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 49(2): 209-217.

Ammar, E. D. and S. A. Hogenhout. 2008. A neurotropic route for Maize mosaic virus (Rhabdoviridae) in its planthopper vector Peregrinus maidis. Virus Research 131: 77–85.

Anaji R. and R. A. Balikai. 2007. Management of shoot bug, Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) through seed dressers. Pp. 232-235. In: S. Ignacimuthi, and S. Jayaraj (eds.). Biotechnology and Insect Pest Management. Elite Publishing House Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India.

Anaji, R. and R. A. Balikai. 2007. Screening of rabi sorghum genotypes against shoot bug, Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead). International Journal of Agricultural Science 3(2): 144-146.

APPPC, 1987. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. Technical Document No. 135. Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA).  56 pp.

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