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Contents
Family Delphacidae Leach, 1815
Subfamily Stenocraninae Wagner, 1963
Tribe Stenocranini Wagner, 1963
Genus Stenocranus Fiber, 1866
Type species (in original combination): Fulgora minuta Fabricius, 1787.
Synonyms: None
Subgenera
Hamilton (2006) described the subgenus Codex (Type Delphax dorsalis Fitch 1851) and placed all but 2 new world species (viz. including S. acutus Beamer, 1946a, S. arundineus Metcalf, 1923, S. brunneus Beamer, 1946a, S. delicatus Beamer, 1946a, S. dorsalis (Fitch, 1851), S. lautus Van Duzee, 1897, S. ramosus Beamer, 1946a, S. similis Crawford, 1914, S. unipunctatus (Provancher, 1872 nec. Beamer, 1946a), and S. vittatus (Stål, 1862); The subgenus Stenocranus includes S. felti Van Duzee, Stenocranus sandersoni Beamer, 1946, and presumably the European Stenocranus.
Distribution
Mostly Holarctic, but into the Indomalayan region and Australia.
Distribution of Stenocranus from FLOW (as of 14 Feb. 2021)
Recognized species
There are 68 species currently placed in this genus.
New World
1 Stenocranus acutus Beamer, 1946 – USA: Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Mississippi
2 Stenocranus angustus Crawford, 1914 – USA: Georgia; Belize, Honduras
3 Stenocranus arundineus Metcalf, 1923 – USA: Georgia, North Carolina; Canada: Alberta
4 Stenocranus brunneus Beamer, 1946 – USA: Illinois, Kansas, North Carolina, South Carolina
5 Stenocranus delicatus Beamer, 1946 – USA: Illinois, Kansas
6 Stenocranus dorsalis (Fitch, 1851) (including S. pallidus Beamer 1946) – USA: Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, New Jersey, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Wisconsin; Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Nunavet, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan; Isle of Pines (West Indies)
7 Stenocranus felti Van Duzee, 1910 – USA: Maine, New Hampshire, New York; Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan
8 Stenocranus lautus Van Duzee, 1897 – USA: Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia; Canada: British Columbia?, Ontario, Quebec; Cuba
9 Stenocranus ramosus Beamer, 1946 – USA: Florida, Georgia, North Carolina
10 Stenocranus sandersoni Beamer, 1946 – USA: IL; Canada: British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan
11 Stenocranus similis Crawford, 1914 – USA: Alabama, Illinois, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina
12 Stenocranus unipunctatus (Provancher, 1872) – USA: Illinois, New Hampshire; Canada: Ontario, Quebec
13 Stenocranus vittatus (Stal, 1862) –
Incertae sedis (Not a Stenocranus, see Bartlett, 2010)
14 Stenocranus maculipes (Berg, 1879) – Argentina
Western Palearctic (Distribution information incomplete)
1 Stenocranus fuscovittatus (Stal, 1858) – Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, China (Manchuria), Czech Republic (Bohemia, Moravia), Denmark, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain (England), Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Switzerland
2 Stenocranus gialovus Asche et al. 1983 – Greece
3 Stenocranus linnapallidus Asche, 1985 – Israel
4 Stenocranus longipennis (Curtis, 1837) – Algeria, England, France, Germany, Ireland, Russia
5 Stenocranus major (Kirschbaum, 1868) – , Austria, Czech Republic (Bohemia, Moravia), Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, “Yugoslavia”
6 Stenocranus minutus (Fabricius, 1787) – Widespread Europe, Russia, North Africa
Eastern Palearctic, Asia, Indo-Malayan, Pacific
1 Stenocranus agamopsyche Kirkaldy, 1906 – Australia: Queensland; Philippines (Luzon), Taiwan, China; Mariana Is., western Caroline Is.
2 Stenocranus ajmerensis Joesph, 1964 – W. India
3 Stenocranus akashiensis Matsumura, 1935 – Japan (Honshu)
4 Stenocranus anomalus Chen and Liang, 2005 – China
5 Stenocranus bakeri Muir, 1917: 321 – Philippines (Luzon)
6 Stenocranus castaneus Ding, 1981 – China
7 Stenocranus chenzhouensis Ding, 1981 – China
8 Stenocranus cyperi Ding, 2006 – China (Yunnan)
9 Stenocranus danjicus Kuoh, 1980 – China (Kuoh et al. 1980)
10 Stenocranus elongatus Matsumura, 1935 – Japan (Honshu, Kyushu)
11 Stenocranus fallax Matsumura, 1935 – China (Shansi), ‘- Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu)
12 Stenocranus formosanus Matsumura, 1935 – Taiwan
13 Stenocranus harimensis Matsumura, 1935 – Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku)
14 Stenocranus hokkaidoensis Metcalf, 1943 – Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu), Russia (Maritime Territory)
15 Stenocranus hongtiaus Kuoh, 1980 – China
16 Stenocranus hopponis Matsumura, 1935 – Taiwan
17 Stenocranus jiangpuensis Ding, 2006 – China (Jiangsu)
18 Stenocranus koreanus Matsumura, 1935 – Korea, Korean Peninsula
19 Stenocranus linearis Ding, 1981 – China
20 Stenocranus longicapitis Ding, 1981 – China
21 Stenocranus luteus Muir, 1917 – Amboyna (Ambon Island, indonesia); Malaysia
22 Stenocranus macromaculatus Ding, 2006 – China (Jiling)
23 Stenocranus matsumurai Metcalf, 1943 – China (Shansi), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu), Russia (Maritime Territory), Taiwan,
24 Stenocranus montanus Huang & Ding, 1980 – China
25 Stenocranus neopacificus Muir, 1917: 321 – Papua New Guinea, Amboyna Malaysia
26 Stenocranus nigrocaudatus Ding, 1981 – China
27 Stenocranus niisimai Matsumura, 1935 – Japan (Hokkaido)
28 Stenocranus ogasawarensis Matsumura, 1935 – Bonin Islands (South of Japan)
29 Stenocranus oroba Fennah, 1975 – Sri Lanka
30 Stenocranus ozenumensis Ishihara, 1952 – Japan (Honshu)
31 Stenocranus pacificus Kirkaldy, 1907 – Fiji , Palau, Caroline Islands; Philippines
32 Stenocranus planus Yang, 1989 – Taiwan
33 Stenocranus polenor Fennah, 1975 – Sri Lanka
34 Stenocranus pseudopacificus Muir, 1916: 382 – Philippines (Luzon)
35 Stenocranus qiandainus Kuoh, 1980 – China
36 Stenocranus rufilinearis Kuoh, 1981 – China
37 Stenocranus seminigrifrons Muir, 1923 – Philippine Islands
38 Stenocranus silvicola Vilbaste, 1968 – Russia (Maritime Territory)
Stenocranus singaporensis Muir, 1919: 529 to Columbisoga by Muir (1926: 11), then Bambusiphaga by Asche (1983b: 203).
39 Stenocranus spinosus Ding and Zhang, 1994 – China
40 Stenocranus sukumonus Matsumura, 1935 – Japan (Shikoku)
41 Stenocranus takasagonis Matsumura, 1935 – Japan (Honshu)
42 Stenocranus tamagawanus Matsumura, 1935 – Japan (Honshu)
43 Stenocranus tateyamanus Matsumura, 1935 – Japan (Honshu, Kyushu)
44 Stenocranus testaceaus Ding, 1981 (in Ding and Kuoh 1981) – China
45 Stenocranus tonghuaensis Ding, 2006 – China (Jiling)
46 Stenocranus yasumatsui Ishihara, 1952 – Japan (Shikoku)
47 Stenocranus yuanmaonus Kuoh, 1980 – China
48 Stenocranus zalantunensis Ding and Zhang, 1994 – China
Plant associations
Mostly reported from sedges (Cyperaceae) and grasses (Poaceae) as follows (summarized in Bartlett 2010):
Stenocranus agamopsyche – Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (as Phragmites communis Trin.) (Poaceae: Arundinoideae: Arundineae)
Stenocranus arundineus – Arundinaria sp. (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae)
Stenocranus brunneus Beamer, 1946 – Carex cumberlandensis Naczi, Kral and Bryson; C. gracilescens Steud., C. radfordii Gaddy, C. pensylvanica Lam., C. stricta Lam., C. intumescens var fernaldii Bailey (Cyperaceae)
Stenocranus cyperi – Cyperus sp., Scirpus lineolatus Franch. & Sav. (Cyperaceae)
Stenocranus dorsalis (Fitch, 1851) (as S. unipunctatus sensu Beamer, 1946) – Carex intumescens Rudge (Cyperaceae)
Stenocranus fuscovittatus – Carex sp., Claudia mariscus (possibly a synonym of Melica)
Stenocranus gialovus – Phalaris aquatica L. (Poaceae: Pooideae: Aveneae)
Stenocranus harimensis – Carex thunbergii Steud. (Cyperaceae)
Stenocranus hongtiaus – Phragmites sp. (Poaceae: Arundinoideae: Arundineae)
Stenocranus lautus – Carex lurida Wahl., C. cumberlandensis Naczi, Kral and Bryson; Cyperus esculentus L., Cy. strigosus L. (Cyperaceae)
Stenocranus longipennis – Carex paniculata L. (Cyperaceae)
Stenocranus macromaculatus – Phragmites australis (as Phragmites communis)
Stenocranus major – Phalaris arundinacea L., (Poaceae: Pooideae: Aveneae); Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth (Poeae)
Stenocranus matsumurai – Phragmites australis (as Phragmites communis)
Stenocranus minutus – Dactylis glomerata L., D. glomerata lobata (Drejer) H. Lindb. (as D. polygama Horv.) (Poaceae: Pooideae: Poeae); Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv. (Brachypodieae)
Stenocranus montanus – Neyraudia reynaudiana (Kunth) Keng ex Hitchc. (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Eragrostideae)
Stenocranus qiandainus – Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae)
Stenocranus rufilinearis – Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) Trin. ex Henschel (as Eleocharis tuberosa (Roxb.) Schult.), Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi; Cyperus rotundus L., Cyperus triqueter Boeck. (Cyperaceae)
Stenocranus similis – Arundinaria gigantea tecta (Walter) McClure (as Arundinaria tecta) (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae)
Stenocranus spinosus – Phragmites australis (as Phragmites communis)
Stenocranus yasumatsui – Carex sp.
Stenocranus yuanmaonus – Phragmites australis (as Phragmites communis)
Stenocranus zalantunensis – Phragmites australis (as Phragmites communis)
Scientific names of plants from The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov) or USDA, Germplasm Resources Information Network – (GRIN) (URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov), or Tropicos (http://www.tropicos.org/)
Economic Importance
Generally limited, but Stenocranus pacificus (waya waya; “corn planthopper” – not to be confused with Peregrinus maidis) recently reported as an invasive species on corn in the Philippines.
Recognition
New World Stenocraninae was recently reviewed by Bartlett (2010), including a key to the genus. Keys to species for North American species can be found in Beamer 1946 and Hamilton 2006.
Features of genus noted by Beamer 1946
Rather slender insects of moderate size; head plus eyes narrower than pronotum; antennae terete, first antennal segment about as long as wide; front long and narrow, slightly narrowed at base, with a small median carina divided on vertex near the anterior margin of eyes; vertex longer than wide, carinae definite; lateral carinae of pronotum slightly curved at base, reaching hind margin; spur on the base of hind tibia triangular, rather thick with black spines along one margin.
Features of genus noted by Hamilton 2006
Antennal pustules absent from triangular dorsobasal area of the second segment, usually irregularly spaced or forming an oblique band, occasionally closely spaced in several short rows; ovipositor concealed by pygofer lobes. Face usually with black stripes between pale carinae; eye notch half as deep as the eye (as in most Delphacini); tegmen always stenopterous, exposing sides of abdomen; calcar knife-shaped, straight on upper margin,
bowed on the lower margin.
Key from Beamer (1946)
Key from Hamilton (2006)
New World species
Stenocranus brunneus
Stenocranus lautus
Stenocranus vittatus
Stenocranus brunneus (left) and acutus
Stenocranus similis
Male
Stenocranus similis (male)
Female
Old World species
Stenocranus minutus
Stenocranus minutus (I think this one is from Germany)
Plates from Beamer 1946
Lots of good pictures of this species online, such as on British Bugs here.
Also on British Bugs, Stenocranus major here.
Molecular resources
BOLD has data on 10 species (some without data listed). Genbank has quite a bit of data (11 pages of 10 entries each, some may be endosymbionts).
Selected references
[Intended to include taxonomic works, nomenclatural acts and country and state records as well as biology; but still incomplete]
Asche, M. 1982. Beitrage zur Delphaciden-Fauna Jugoslawiens und Bulgariens (Homoptera Cicadinea Delphacidae). Marburger Entomologische Publikationen 1(7): 99-138.
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Asche, M. 1983a. Zur Kenntnis der Gattung Embolophora Stål, 1853 (Homoptera Cicadina Fulgoromorpha Delphacidae). Marburger Entomologische Publikationen 1(8): 167-196.
Asche, M. 1983b. Bambusiphaga lynchi nov. spec., a new delphacid from northeastern Himalaya, and some contributions to the genus Bambusiphaga Huang and Ding, 1979 (Homoptera Auchenorrhyncha Fulgoromorpha Delphacidae). Marburger Entomologische Publikationen. 1: 197-210.
Asche, M. 1985. Zur Phylogenie der Delphacidae Leach, 1815 (Homoptera: Cicadina: Fulgoromorpha). Marburger Entomologische Publikationen 2(1), volume 1 pp. 1-398, volume 2 pp. 399-910.
Asche, M. 1990. Vizcayinae, a new subfamily of Delphacidae with revision of Vizcaya Muir (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) – a significant phylogenetic link. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 30: 154-187.
Asche, M. and H. Hoch. 1982. Beitrage zur Delphaciden-Fauna Griechenlands II (Homoptera Cicadina Delphacidae). Marburger Entomologische Publikationen 1(7): 37-70.
Asche, M. and H. Hoch. 1983. Stenocranus gialovus nov. spec., eine neue Delphacidae aus Sud-Griechenland (Homoptera Cicadina Fulgoromorpha). Marburger Entomologische Publikationen 1(8): 7-24.
Asche, M. and R. Remane. 1982. Beitrage zur Delphaciden-Fauna Griechenlands I (Homoptera Cicadina Delphacidae) Marburger Entomologische Publikationen 1(6): 231-290.
Ball, E. D. 1903. Some new North American Homoptera. Canadian Entomologist 35: 227-232.
Bartlett, C. R. 2006 (dated 2005). Two new genera and species of stenocranine planthoppers (Hemiptera : Delphacidae) from North America. Entomological News 116(5): 291-303.
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