Changes and Variability in the Global Ocean
Describe and understand variations of the global ocean, particularly in temperature, salinity, and stratification; better interpret the existing ocean observations by exploring the associated uncertainties; infer reliable information about climate changes and variability
Exchanges of the Upper and Deep Layers of the Global Ocean
Describe and understand the vertical transport of heat, salt, and biogeochemical tracers around the global ocean; examine the regions and dynamical processes that are crucial for the vertical exchanges; explore its implications for long-time climate changes
Coupling of the Upper and Deep Layers of the Global Ocean
Examine coupling of the upper and deep layers of the global and regional oceans; explore its implications for fast routes to transfer climate information between the ocean surface and abyssal ocean