Genus Chionomus Fennah, 1971

[Back to Higher classification of Delphacidae]

Family Delphacidae Leach, 1815

Subfamily Delphacinae Leach, 1815

Tribe Delphacini Leach, 1815

Genus Chionomus Fennah, 1971

Note: This genus was recently revised by Weglarz and Bartlett (2020), I have changed the page accordingly, but some details remain to be completed.

Type species (in original combination): Delphacodes havanae Muir and Giffard, 1924.

Distribution

Widespread in the Neotropics and North America (especially east); the map below does not account for the revision.

Recognized species

There are 14 recognized species in this genus.

Chionomus balboae (Muir and Giffard, 1924) [Metcalf 1943: 409] – USA: FL; Mexico (Campeche, Jalisco, Mexico City, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Veracruz); Cayman Islands; Belize; Guatemala; Honduras; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia; French Guiana; Venezuela; Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Rio de Janeiro, Rondonia, Santa Catarina); Ecuador; Bolivia; Paraguay; Uruguay; Argentina; Also reported: Guyana (as British Guiana; Muir 1926), Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca) Dominican Republic; Jamaica; Puerto
Rico; St. Lucia
= Delphacodes balboae Muir & Giffard, 1924: 36.
= Chionomus balboae (Muir & Giffard), comb. by Fennah, 1971: 324.

Chionomus banosensis (Muir, 1926) – Ecuador.
= Delphacodes banosensis Muir, 1926: 31.
= Chionomus banosensis (Muir, 1926), combination by Weglarz and Bartlett 2020: 15

Chionomus bellicosus (Muir & Giffard, 1924) – USA: California
= Delphacodes bellicosa Muir & Giffard, 1924: 34.
= Chionomus bellicosus (Muir & Giffard, 1924), combination by Weglarz and Bartlett 2020: 16

Chionomus cultus (Van Duzee, 1907: 47) incertae sedis – reported Jamaica, USA: Florida, Cuba, Bermuda (Van Duzee 1907; Barber 1914; Osborn 1926 a, b; Ogilvie 1928); Type Locality. Mandeville, Jamaica.
= Liburnia culta Van Duzee, 1907: 47.
= Megamelus cultus (Van Duzee), comb. by Crawford 1914: 628.
= Delphacodes culta (Van Duzee) by Muir & Giffard 1924: 38.
= Chionomus cultus (Van Duzee, 1907), combination by Weglarz and Bartlett 2020: 18.

Chionomus dissipatus (Muir, 1926) – USA: TX, LA; FL; Puerto Rico; Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, St. Thomas; Mexico (Puebla, Veracruz); Guatemala; Honduras; Panama; Brazil (Santa Catarina), Venezuela; Also reported: Ecuador (Muir 1926); Can: NT (Wilson 1992, 1997); Galapagos Islands (Santa Cruz, San Cristóbal) (Fennah 1967, Sinclair 2011).
= Delphacodes dissipata Muir, 1926: 33.
= Syndelphax dissipatus (Muir), comb. by Fennah, 1967: 76.
= Delphacodes dentis Beamer, 1948b: 102, synonymy by Weglarz and Bartlett 2020: 19.
= Delphacodes vaccina Caldwell & Martorell, 1951: 186, synonymy by Weglarz and Bartlett 2020: 19.
= Chionomus dissipatus (Muir, 1926), combination by Weglarz and Bartlett 2020: 19.

Chionomus dolonus Weglarz and Bartlett 2020: 21. – Argentina

Chionomus gluciophilus (Muir, 1926) -Guatemala; Costa Rica; Colombia; Ecuador.
= Delphacodes gluciophila Muir, 1926: 35.
= Chionomus gluciophilus (Muir, 1926), combination by Weglarz and Bartlett 2020: 23.

Chionomus havanae (Muir and Giffard, 1924) [Metcalf 1943: 452] – USA: FL; Cuba; Cayman Islands (Cayman Brac, Grand Cayman); Puerto Rico (inc. Mona Island);  Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Trinidad; Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Federal District, Oaxaca, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan); Belize; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia; Venezuela; Guyana; Brazil (Amazonas, Para, Rio de Janeiro, Rondonia, Sao Paulo); Peru; Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina; also reported Cuba, Mexico (Sinaloa).
= Delphacodes havanae Muir & Giffard, 1924: 37.
= Chionomus havanae (Muir & Giffard), comb. by Fennah, 1971: 324.

Chionomus haywardi (Muir, 1929) [Metcalf 1943: 452] – Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile (Maule, Santiago, Valparaíso)
= Delphacodes haywardi Muir, 1929: 83.
= Chionomus haywardi (Muir), comb. by Fennah, 1971: 324.
= Delphacodes collaris Remes Lenicov & Teson, 1978; syn by Teson & Remes Lenicov (1983: 322).

Chionomus herkos Weglarz and Bartlett 2020: 27. – USA: FL, LA.

Chionomus pacificus (Crawford, 1914) – USA: AZ, AR, CA, CO, FL, GA, KS, LA, MS, NM, NV, NC, OK, SC, TX, WI; Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Durango, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Mexico City, Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Tamaulipa), Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela; also reported IL, UT; Mexico (Michoacán, Oaxaca) (Wilson and McPherson 1980b, Bartlett et al. 2014).
= Megamelus pacificus Crawford, 1914: 626.
= Liburnia pacifica (Crawford), comb. by Van Duzee, 1917:84.
= Delphacodes pacifica (Crawford), comb. by Muir & Giffard, 1924: 34.
= Chionomus pacificus (Crawford, 1914), combination by Weglarz and Bartlett 2020: 29.

Chionomus puellus (Van Duzee, 1897: 250) – USA: AR, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, IL, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MS, MO, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OH, OK, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VT, VA, WV, WI; Mexico (Veracruz), Belize. Also reported USA: AL, CA, IA, IN, OR, WA; CAN: ON, NS, QC; Bermuda, Cuba; Jamaica; Puerto Rico; Venezuela (Metcalf 1943, Caldwell & Martorell 1951, Wilson & Hilburn 1991, Maw et al. 2000, Benton & McCreadie 2009, Bartlett et al. 2014, Leavengood et al. 2017); reported in error Australia, Brazil and Hawaii (Metcalf 1943, Bartlett et al. 2014).
= Liburnia puella Van Duzee, 1894: 191. [nom. nud.].
= Liburnia puella Van Duzee, 1897: 151.
= Delphax puella (Van Duzee), comb. by Kirkaldy, 1907: 161.
= M[egamelus] puella (Van Duzee), comb. by Crawford, 1914: 622.
= Megamelus puellis (Van Duzee), comb. and emendation by Crawford, 1914: 626.
= Delphacodes puella (Van Duzee), comb. by Muir, 1917: 337; also Muir & Giffard, 1924: 32.
= Delphacodes aculeata Beamer, 1948b 106, synonymy by Weglarz and Bartlett 2020: 31.
= Chionomus puellus (Van Duzee, 1897), combination by Weglarz and Bartlett 2020: 31.

Chionomus quadrispinosus (Muir & Giffard, 1924) – USA: FL, LA; Dominican Republic; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica. Also reported Cuba (Muir & Giffard 1924).
= Delphacodes quadrispinosa Muir & Giffard, 1924: 37.
= Chionomus quadrispinosus (Muir & Giffard, 1924), combination by Weglarz and Bartlett 2020: 34.

Chionomus tenae (Muir, 1926) – USA: AZ, FL; Mexico (Tamaulipas, Veracruz); Puerto Rico, Cuba; Jamaica; Montserrat; Belize; Guatemala; Honduras; El Salvador, Costa Rica; Panama, Colombia; Brazil (São Paulo); French Guiana; Venezuela; Bolivia; Paraguay; Ecuador; Argentina.
= Delphacodes albinotata Muir & Giffard, 1924: 36 [nec. Crawford, 1914].
= Delphacodes tenae Muir, 1926: 34.
= Delphacodes arcuata Beamer, 1948b: 105–106; replacement name for preoccupied Delphacodes albinotata Muir & Giffard [nec. Crawford, 1914 ], synonymy by Weglarz and Bartlett 2020: 36.
= Chionomus tenae (Muir, 1926), combination by Weglarz and Bartlett 2020: 36.

Plant Associations

Chionomus haywardi has been recorded on:

Oryza sativa L. (Rice) (Velazquez et al. 2003).
Zea mays L. (Corn) (Teson and Remes  Lenicov 1989).
Triticum aestivum L. (Common Wheat) (Velazquez et al. 2003).
Avena sativa L. (Common Oats) (Velazquez et al. 2003).
Hordeum vulgare L. (Common Barley)  (Velazquez et al. 2003).

Chionomus havanae – Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. Common carpetgrass (Fennah, 1959: 260).

Summary of recorded plant associations for species of Chionomus revised from Weglarz and Bartlett

Species	Host
C. havanae	Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv.
C. bellicosus	Paspalum distichum L.
C. gluciophilus	Saccharum L.
	Solanum tuberosum L.
	Phaseolus vulgaris L.
C. haywardi	Oryza sativa L.
	Zea mays L.
	Triticum aestivum L.
	Avena sativa L.
	Hordeum vulgare L.
C. pacificus	Medicago sativa L.
	Solanum tuberosum L.
	Beta vulgaris L.
	Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville
	Lepidium thurberi Wooton
C. puellus	Abelia sp.
	Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.
	Amaranthus retroflexus L.
	Asclepias syriaca L.
	Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.
	Medicago sp.
	Persicaria hydropiperoides Michx.
	Quercus stellata Wangenh.
	Salix nigra Marshall
	Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
	Vitis spp.
C. quadrispinosus	Phaseolus vulgaris L.
	Galactia elliottii Nutt.

Names of plants from USDA PLANTS database.

Parasites

Elenchus sp. (Strepsiptera, Elenchidae) and Pseudogonatopus chilensis Olmi, 1989 (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) on Chionomus haywardi  according to Virla (1995).

Economic Importance

Chionomus haywardi is known to vector Mal Rio de Cuarto virus (MRCV) (Velazquez et al. 2003).

Recognition

This genus was revised by Weglarz (2010), finally published as Weglarz and Bartlett (2020). The genus is now treated in a much broader sense then in the past.

The genus name appears to be derived from Greek noun chionos, meaning “snow”, possibly a reference to the whitened posterior pronotum margin, with –[i]mus to indicate possession – a reference to the white usually found on the pronotum. As now defined, Chionomus can usually be recognized as having a dark body (paler in females) with white on the pronotum, carinae of head contrasting white, and the wing bearing a dark spot at the distal margin of the clavus. The antennae are usually pale.

Species are common – sometimes abundant – and now includes one of the most common delphacid species in eastern North America.

When Fennah erected this genus in 1971 he utilized the meeting of the submedian carinae at the apex of the head, combined with a white pronotum and scutellum, reduced processes, and a dark spot near the clavus.  Additionally, these species share a distinctly projecting armature of the diaphragm, parameres with the broad basal angles and a concave inner margin, and a tubular aedeagus.

Members are uniformly a near-black in coloration with contrasting pale carinae, a mostly white pronotum and a spot on the wing at the apex of the clavus.

Key to species from Weglarz and Bartlett 2020 (figure references to that work)

1. – Armature of diaphragm distinctly bilobed (Figures 6i, 28a, 29a) – (2).

1’. – Armature of diaphragm not distinctly bilobed, may be cordate, notched, or U-shaped (Figures 19a, 25a, 30a) – (5).

2. – Armature of diaphragm hooked, lobes parallel; processes of segment X present but not particularly strong, specimens with carinae of the mesonotum lightened frequently forming a vitta (Figures 6, 22, 13, 28) – (3).

2’. – Armature of diaphragm not hooked, lobes distinctly diverging; processes distinct and directed ventrad, carinae of mesonotum concolorous (Figures 5, 21, 14, 29) – (4).

3. – Armature of diaphragm hooked only in apical half, lobes only diverging in apical half; aedeagus with toothed flange on left side (Figures 6, 22) – C. bellicosus.

3’. – Armature of diaphragm hooked along entire length, lobes diverging from point of origin; aedeagus without flange, with two rows of scattered teeth (Figures 13, 28) – C. pacificus.

4. – Lobes of armature of diaphragm small and closely approximated; processes of segment X parallel. Posterior edge of pronotum dark, only paranota white in color (Figures 5, 21) – C. banosensis.

4’. – Lobes of armature of the diaphragm produced, diverging from point origin; processes of segment X diverging.  Posterior edge of pronotum white, paranota also white (Figures 14, 29) – C. puellus.

5. – Pygofer with prominent quadrate, dorsolateral process. Parameres not flattened at apex. (Figures 12, 27) – C. herkos.

5’. – Pygofer without dorsolateral processes, if produced at dorsolateral margin, not quadrate. Paramere flattened at apex. (Figures 19, 23, 26) – (6).

6. – Segment X with a total of 4 processes (Figures 23b, 24b, 25b, 30b) – (7).

6’. – Segment X with only 2 processes or processes vestigial (Figures 19b, 20b, 26b, 31b) – (9).

7. – Secondary processes of segment X small, spine-like. Armature of diaphragm shelf-like. Ventral margin of pygofer with caudally projecting median process (Figures 9, 24) – C. dolonus.

7’. – Secondary processes of segment X long, sinuate.  Armature of diaphragm quadrate, quadrate and notched, or U-shaped.  Ventral margin of pygofer lacking median process (Figures 23, 25, 29) – (8).

8. – Armature of diaphragm quadrate or cordate/notched, toothed along vertical margins; aedeagus not distinctly enlarged at base (Figures 23a, c, 25a, c) – (9).

8’. – Armature of diaphragm U-shaped, lacking teeth; aedeagus with distinctly enlarged, quadrate base (Figures 29 a, b) – C. quadrispinosus.

9. – Armature of diaphragm notched along ventral margin; aedeagus with slight enlargement apically. Parameres not produced opposite of basal angle. Posterior compartments of vertex and stem of Y-shaped carina dark (Figures 10, 25) – C. gluciophilus.

9’. – Armature of diaphragm quadrate, notch along ventral margin not evident; aedeagus tapering along entire length, not enlarged apically.  Parameres with rounded projection opposite of basal angle.  Posterior compartment of vertex light but with fuscous markings, stem of Y-shaped carina light (Figures 8, 23) – C. dissipatus.

10. – Aedeagus nearly straight, may have slight dorsal curve (Figures 19b, 20c, 26c) – (11).

10’. – Aedeagus with distinct curve dorsad, nearly forming a right-angle apical hook on left, small teeth along length.  Segment X with two rounded processes, lobe-like, arising from the middle of segment.  Specimens frequently large for Chionomus, with wings infuscate (Figures 17, 31) – C. tenae.

11. – Aedeagus with subapical and distinctly projecting flagellum, lacking teeth and hooks (Figure 19b) – C. havanae.

11’. – Aedeagus without flagellum, with hooks and/or teeth (Figures 20c, 26c) – (12).

12. – Aedeagus with large hooks on right side of aedeagus; apex of parameres anvil shaped (Figures 20b,c) – C. balboae.

12’. – Aedeagus with small teeth in two scattered rows, lacking any sort of hook; apex of parameres quadrate (Figures 26b,c) – C. haywardi.

Chionomus havanae

Chionomus havanae – brachypterous male

Chionomus havanae – macropterous male

Chionomus balboae

Chionomus balboae – brachypterous male

Chionomus balboae – macropterous male

Chionomus dolonus

Chionomus hayward

Online resources

EOL
FLOW
Discover Life
Bugguide (N/A)
Gernot Kunz Kunzweb Gallery Costa Rica (not present)
Leafhopper, Planthopper & Psyllid Vectors of Plant Disease
3I Interactive Keys and Taxonomic Databases (Dmitry Dmitriev)

Molecular resources

Sequence data are available on Genbank for Chionomus havanae and C. haywardi.  BOLD has data for Chionomus havanae and Chionomus sp. (and probably more on the Costa Rica project).

Selected References

Barber, H.G. 1914a. Insects of Florida. Hemiptera-Homoptera. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 33, 526–535.

Bartlett, C. R., L. B. O’Brien and S. W. Wilson. 2014. A review of the planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) of the United States. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 50: 1-287.

Bartlett, C. R. and G. Kunz. 2015. A new genus and species of delphacid planthopper (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Delphacidae) from Central America with a preliminary regional species list. Zootaxa 3946(4): 510–518. [Erratum. Zootaxa 3963(4): 598-600.]

Beamer, R.H. 1946. Some new species of Delphacodes (Homoptera, Fulgoridae, Delphacinae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 19, 139–144.

Beamer, R.H. 1948a. Some new species of Delphacodes (continued) (Homoptera Fulgoridae Delphacinae). Part III. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 21, 1–10.

Beamer, R.H. 1948b. Some new species of Delphacodes (continued) (Homoptera Fulgoridae Delphacinae). Part IV. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 21, 96–110.

Beamer, R.H. 1948c. Some new species of Delphacodes (continued) (Homoptera Fulgoridae Delphacinae). Part V. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 21, 111–119.

Benton, E.P., and J.W. McCreadie. 2009. A preliminary survey of the planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) of coastal Alabama. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 111, 354–360. DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797-111.2.354

Caldwell, J.S., and L.F. Martorell (1951, dated 1950). Review of the Auchenorynchous Homoptera of Puerto Rico: Part II. The Fulgoroidea except Kinnaridae. Journal of the Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, 34, 133–269.

Campodonico, J. F. 2017. New distributional records of Delphacidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) from Chile. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 17: 119-128.

Crawford, D. L. 1914a. A contribution toward a monograph of the homopterous insects of the family Delphacidae of North and South America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 46: 557-640, plus 6 plates.

Fennah, R. G. 1959. Delphacidae from the Lesser Antilles (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 8: 245-265.

Fennah, R.G. 1963. New genera of Delphacidae (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (series B), 32, 15–16.

Fennah, R.G. 1967. Fulgoridae of the Galápagos Archipelago. Proceedings of the California Academy of Science (fourth series), 35, 53–102.

Fennah, R. G. 1971.  Fulgoroidea from the Cayman Islands and adjacent areas.  Journal of Natural History 5(3): 299-342.

Kennedy A. C., C. R. Bartlett and S. W. Wilson. 2012. An annotated checklist of the delphacid planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) of Florida with the description of three new species and the new genus, Meristopsis. Florida Entomologist 95(2): 395–421.

Kirkaldy, G.W. 1907. Leafhoppers supplement (Hemiptera). Bulletin of the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, Entomological Series, 3, 1–186, plus 20 plates.

Leach, W. E. 1815a. Entomology. The Edinburg encyclopedia; conducted by David Brewster 9: 57-172. (family Delphacidae here).

Leavengood, J. M., C. R. Bartlett and S. Vitanza-Hedman. 2017. First reports of six planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Tagosodes, Delphacodes, Pareuidella, Nilaparvata, Asarcopus, Bruchomorpha) in Texas. Entomological News 127(3): 215-229.

Maw, H.E.L., R.G. Foottit, K.G.A. Hamilton and G.G.E. Scudder. 2000. Checklist of the Hemiptera of Canada and Alaska. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Canada. 220 pp.

Metcalf, Z. P. 1943. General Catalogue of the Hemiptera. Fascicle IV, Fulgoroidea, Part 3, Araeopidae (Delphacidae). Smith College, Northhampton, Massachusetts. 552 pp.

Muir, F.A.G. 1926. Contributions to our knowledge of South American Fulgoroidea (Homoptera). Part I. The Family Delphacidae. Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, Entomological Series, Bulletin 18:1–51, plates 1-5.

Muir, F.A.G. 1929. New and little known South American Delphacidae (Homoptera-Fulgoroidea) in the collection of the British Museum. Annals and Magazine Natural History 10 (3): 75-85.

Muir F. A. G. and W. M. Giffard. 1924. Studies in North American Delphacidae. Bulletin. Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association Experiment Station. Division of Entomology. Honolulu 15: 1–53.

Ogilvie, L. 1928. Suborder Homoptera. In: The insects of Bermuda. Department of Agriculture, Bermuda. pp. 1–50.

Osborn, H. 1926. Faunistic and ecological notes on Cuban Homoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 19, 335–366.

Plant Control Division, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture. 1964. Cooperative economic insect report. United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs. 14(42 [Oct 16, 1964]): 1139-1158.  [p. 1142 – Delphacodes havanae detected in Florida, considered new US record collected Oct. 2 1964, Rabbit Island, Belle Glade, Palm Beach County; this species is reported in several subsequent volumes]

Remes Lenicov, A. M. M. and A. Teson. 1978. Contribución al estudio de los fulgóridos argentinos I. (Homoptera-Fulgoroidea-Delphacidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 37(1-4): 17–22.

Sinclair, B. 2011. CDF Checklist of Galapagos True bugs – Leafhoppers, planthoppers, aphids and scale insects. – FCD Lista de especies de Chinches de Galápagos. In: F. Bungartz, H. Herrera, P. Jaramillo, N. Tirado, G. Jímenez-Uzcategui, D, Ruiz, A. Guézou and F. Ziemmeck (eds.). Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist. Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos. 26 pp.

Teson, A. and A.M.M. Remes Lenicov. 1983. Contribucion al estudio de los fulgoridos Argentinos III (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea, Delphacidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 42: 313–323.

Tesón, A. and A.M.M. de Remes Lenicov. 1989. Contribucion al estudio de los fulgoroideos argentinos. 4. (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea). Observaciones sobre tres especies halladas en cultivos de maiz (Zea mays L.). Revista Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 47(1-4): 101–107.

Velazquez, P. D., J. P. Arneodo, F. A. Guzman, L. R. Conci and G. A. Truol.  2003.  Delphacodes haywardi Muir, a new natural vector of Mal de Rio Cuarto virus in Argentina.  Journal of Phytopathology  151: 669–672.

Van Duzee, E.P. 1894. A list of the Hemiptera of Buffalo and Vicinity. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Science, 5, 167–204.

Van Duzee, E.P. 1897. A preliminary review of the North American Delphacidae. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, 5, 225–261.

Van Duzee, E.P. 1907. Notes on Jamaican Hemiptera: A report on a collection of Hemiptera made on the Island of Jamaica in the spring of 1906. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, 8(5): 3–79.

Van Duzee, E.P. 1917. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America North of Mexico (excepting the Aphididae, Coccidae and Aleurodidae). University of California Publications, Technical Bulletins, Vol. 2. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA pp. i–xiv, 1–902.

Virla, E. G. 1995. Biologia de Pseudogonatopus chilensis Olmi 1989 (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae). Acta Entomologica Chilena 19: 123-127.

Weglarz, K. M. 2010. A revision of the genus Chionomus Fennah (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Delphacidae): cleaning out Delphacodes Fieber. University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. Masters Thesis.

Weglarz, K.M. and C.R Bartlett. 2020. A revision of the planthopper genus Chionomus Fennah (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Delphacidae). Zootaxa 4811(1): 1–63. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4811.1.1

Wilson, M.R., and D.J. Hilburn. 1991. Annotated list of the auchenorrhynchous Homoptera (Insecta) of Bermuda. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 84, 412–419. DOI: 10.1093/aesa/84.4.412

Wilson, S. W. 1983. The first record of Delphacodes havanae in the United States (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Delphacidae). Great Lakes Entomologist. 16: 188.

Wilson, S. W. 1985. Descriptions of the immature stages of Delphacodes bellicosa (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Delphacidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 61, 72–78.

Wilson, S. W. 1992. The Delphacidae of Yukon Territory, Canada (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Insecta Mundi, 6, 79–100.

Wilson, S. W. 1997. Delphacid planthoppers (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Delphacidae) of the Yukon. In: Insects of the Yukon, H. V. Danks and J. A. Downes (eds.). Biological Survey of Canada Monograph Series No.2,  Entomological Society of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. pp. 377–385.

Wilson, S. W. 2005. Keys to the families of Fulgoromorpha with emphasis on planthoppers of potential economic importance in the southeastern United States (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Florida Entomologist, 88, 464-481. DOI: 0.1653/0015-4040(2005)88[464:KTTFOF]2.0.CO;2

Wilson, S.W., and J. E. McPherson 1980a. Keys to the planthoppers, or Fulgoroidea of Illinois (Homoptera). Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, 73, 1–61.

Wilson, S.W., and J. E. McPherson 1980b. A list of the Fulgoroidea (Homoptera) of southern Illinois. Great Lakes Entomologist, 13, 25–30.