[Back to “Planthoppers of North America“]
Contents
Family Cixiidae Spinola, 1839
Subfamily Cixiinae Spinola, 1839
Tribe Cixiini Spinola, 1839
Genus : Cixius Latreille, 1804
Type species (in original combination): Cicada nervosa Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms
- Vincentia Uhler, 1895 (Type species Vincentia interrupta Uhler, 1895); syn. by Muir 1925a: 104.
- Pseudocixius Caldwell, 1950a (Type species Pseudocixius bandarus Caldwell, 1950a); syn. by Kramer 1981a: 2..
Distribution
Widespread, worldwide.
Distribution of Cixius from Flow (as of 2 June 2021)
Recognized species
There approximately 303 valid species in this genus. The listing below may be incomplete for Old World taxa, and possibly Neotropical taxa. Distribution data for Old World taxa will be updated later; distribution data for Neotropical taxa may be incomplete.
Subgenera. The following have been treated as subgenera of Cixius, but most of these have not been applied to New World taxa. I have not yet attempted to ascertain the contents of each subgenus)
- Cixius (Acanthocixius) Wagner, 1939 (includes Cixius (Acanthocixius) heydenii Kirschbaum, 1868, Cixius (Acanthocixius) sticticus Rey, 1891) (Paleactic) (synonym of Cixius (Orinocixius) Wagner, 1939 according to Emeljanov (2015: 116)
- Cixius (Alcixius) Emeljanov, 1992 (type species Cixius stigmaticalis Melichar, 1911)
- Cixius (Ceratocixius) Wagner, 1939 (type species Flata simplex Herrich-Schäffer, 1835)
- Cixius (Ciximonia) Emeljanov, 2015 (type species Cixius admirabilis Logvinenko, 1976 )
- Cixius (Cixius) Latreille, 1804 (Type species Cixius nervosus (Linné, 1758))
- Cixius (Criocixius) Emeljanov, 2015 (Type species Cixius bergeniae Vilbaste, 1965)
- Cixius (Issomimus) Jacobi, 1910
- Cixius (Olibroma) Emeljanov, 1964 (Type species Olibroma nitidum Emeljanov, 1964).
- Cixius (Orinocixius) Wagner, 1939
- Cixius (Paracixius) Wagner, 1939 (includes Cixius (Paracixius) distinguendus Kirschbaum, 1868 [type species?]; Paleartic)
- Cixius (Pacixius) Emeljanov, 2015 (type species Cixius towadensis Matsumura, 1914)
- Cixius (Pseudocixius) Caldwell, 1950 (type species Pseudocixius bandarus Caldwell, 1950)
- Cixius (Sciocixius) Wagner, 1939
- Cixius (Tetracixius) Ribaut, 1960
- Cixius (Tetrixius) Emeljanov, 2015 (type species Cixius brachydentus Logvinenko, 1969)
- Cixius (Ussuricixius) Vilbaste, 1968 (includes Cixius (Ussuricixius) remmi Vilbaste, 1969)
Cixius species found or reported north of Mexico
1 Cixius angustatus Caldwell, 1938b – USA: DE, GA, IL, MD, MO, NC, OH, SC, VA; CAN: ON, QC
2 Cixius apicalis Metcalf, 1923 – USA: CT, IL, NY, OH, PA; CAN: MB, NB, ON
3 Cixius balli Kramer, 1981a – USA: AZ
4 Cixius caldwelli Kramer, 1981a – USA: OH, VA
5 Cixius chisosus Caldwell, 1938b – USA: TX
6 Cixius cinctus Ball, 1937 – USA: AZ
7 Cixius clitellus Ball, 1937 – USA: AZ
8 Cixius coloepeum Fitch, 1856 – USA: AR, CO, IA, IL, KS, MD, ME, MO, NC, NJ, NY, OH, PA, TN, WI, WY; CAN: BC?, NB, ON, QC
9 Cixius comptus Fowler, 1904 – USA: AZ; Mexico
10 Cixius cultus Ball, 1902a – USA: AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WY; CAN: AB, SK
= Pseudocixius cultus (Ball 1902a); comb. by Caldwell 1950a: 290; restored to Cixius by Kramer 1981a: 25.
11 Cixius ephratus Ball, 1937 – USA: NV, UT
12 Cixius evexus Kramer, 1981a – USA: CA
13 Cixius krameri Tsaur, 1990 – USA: CA
14 Cixius knulli Caldwell, 1938b – USA: TX
15 Cixius meridionalis Beirne, 1950c – USA: AK, MT; CAN: AB, BC, LB, MB, NT, QC, SK, YK
16 Cixius misellus Van Duzee, 1916a – USA: CT, GA, IA?, IL, KY, MA, ME, MI, MN, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, TN, VA, VT; CAN: AB, BC, MB, NB, NF, NS, ON, QC (reported in error: USA: CO, TX)
17 Cixius narke Kramer, 1981a USA: CA; CAN: BC?
18 Cixius nervosus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Widespread Holarctic; Nearctic: USA: AK, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, GA, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MT, NC, NH, NJ, NM, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, SD, TN, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI; CAN: AB, BC, MB, NB, NF, NS, ON, QC, SK; Palearctic (Widespread Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia; e.g., Algeria, Austria, Belgium, China, “Czechoslovakia”, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, “Hungary”, Italy, Japan, Macedonia, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkestan)
= Cixius basalis Van Duzee, 1908: 489; syn. by Beirne 1951: 315.
= Cixius umbrosus Walley, 1932: 22; syn. by Kramer 1981a: 8, 10-11.
19 Cixius nike Kramer, 1981a – USA: CO, CT, GA, MA, ME, MI, MN, NE, NH, NY, OH, PA, VT, WI; CAN: MB, NB, NS, ON, QC
20 Cixius pini Fitch, 1851 – USA: CT, DC, IL, IN, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, TN, VA, WV; CAN: MB, ON, QC (reported in error: USA: CO)
= Cixius guttulatus Walley, 1932: 21; syn. by Kramer 1981a: 20, 22.
21 Cixius praecox Van Duzee, 1925 – USA: CA, CO, ID, OR, UT, WA, WY; CAN: BC
= Pseudocixius praecox (Van Duzee, 1925); comb. by Caldwell 1950a: 290; restored to Cixus by Kramer 1981a: 24.
22 Cixius procrustes Kramer, 1981a USA: AR, KS
23 Cixius prodotes Kramer, 1981a USA: NC, OH
24 Cixius prominens Tsaur, 1990 USA: CA
25 Cixius quebecensis Beirne, 1951- USA: ME, NY; CAN: NB, NS, ON, PE, QC
= Cixius fulvus Beirne, 1950c: 100 (nec. Walker, 1858).
= Cixius quebecensis Beirne, 1951: 316; replacement name for preoccupied Cixius fulvus Beirne, 1950c (nec. Walker, 1858).
26 Cixius stigmatus (Say, 1825) – USA: AR, AZ, CA, CO, GA, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, MO, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NY, OH, OK, PA, SD, TX, UT, VA, WI, WY; CAN: AB, SK, ON, QC
= Flata stigmata Say, 1825: 336.
= Cixius stigmatus (Say, 1825); comb. by Fitch 1851: 45.
= Pseudocixius stigmatus (Say, 1825); comb. by Caldwell, 1950a: 290.
= Cixius stigmata (Say, 1825); restored combination and unjustified emendation by Wilson & McPherson 1980a: 8; 1980b: 27; 1980c: 27.
= Cixius lepidus Van Duzee, 1910a: 87; syn. by Kramer 1981a: 18.
27 Cixius vandykei Van Duzee, 1925 – USA: CA, WA
28 Cixius yufengi Tsaur, 1993 – USA: CA
Neotropical species
1 Cixius anceps Germar 1830 – Brazil
2 Cixius apicatus Fowler 1904 – Guatemala
3 Cixius bandarus (Caldwell 1950) – Mexico
4 Cixius bipunctata Linne 1767 – Brazil
5 Cixius blockeri Kramer 1981 – Mexico
6 Cixius citrinus Walker 1858 – Brazil
Cixius comptus Fowler 1904 – USA: AZ; Mexico (see above)
7 Cixius conjector Kramer 1981 – Mexico
Cixius decoris Valdes (nomen nudum – not valid) – Cuba
8 Cixius diastus Caldwell 1947 – Mexico
9 Cixius dislogicus Kramer 1981 – Mexico
10 Cixius flavobrunneus Fowler 1904 – Mexico
11 Cixius grammica (Germar 1830) – Brazil
=Cixius irroratus Spinola, 1852- jr. syn. of Catonia gayi (Spinola, 1852)
=Cixius interruptus (Uhler, 1895) – St. Vincent, Cuba (Type species of Vincentia)
=Cixius maculatus Spinola, 1852 – – jr. syn. of Catonia gayi (Spinola, 1852)
12 Cixius metcalfi Kramer 1981 – Mexico
13 Cixius montanus Fowler 1904 – Mexico
14 Cixius nielsoni Kramer 1981 – Mexico
15 Cixius orcus Fennah 1973 – Mexico
=Cixius ornatipennis Spinola, 1852 – jr syn of Catonia ornatipennis (Spinola, 1852)
16 Cixius pruinosus Spinola 1852 – Chile
17 Cixius punctulatus Spinola 1852 – Chile
18 Cixius seriata (Germar 1830) – Brazil
19 Cixius servillei Spinola 1839 – loc unk.
=Cixius stigmatus mexicanus (Caldwell 1950) – Mexico
20 Cixius sulcifrons (Germar 1830) – Brazil, Germany, N.A.
21 Cixius youngi Kramer 1981 – Mexico
Old World species Imported directly from FLOW, dups of above noted, some terminations fixed (I’ll renumber later).
1 Cixius (Acanthocixius) heydenii Kirschbaum, 1868
2 Cixius (Acanthocixius) sticticus Rey, 1891
3 Cixius (Paracixius) distinguendus Kirschbaum, 1868
4 Cixius (Ussuricixius) remmi Vilbaste, 1969
5 Cixius acceptus Anufriev, 1970
6 Cixius actunus Hoch, 1988
7 Cixius aculeatus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
8 Cixius acutus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
9 Cixius admirabilis Logvinenko, 1976
10 Cixius adornatus Logvinenko, 1974
11 Cixius adspersus Spinola, 1852
12 Cixius aduncus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
13 Cixius aequa Walker, 1857
14 Cixius (Alcixius) africana Synave, 1953
15 Cixius albida Walker, 1851
16 Cixius albistriga Walker, 1857
17 Cixius (Alcixius) almon Fennah, 1945
18 Cixius (Acanthocixius) alpestris Wagner, 1939
19 Cixius alpinus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
=Cixius anceps (Germar, 1830) – See above
=Cixius angustatus Caldwell, 1938 – See above
20 Cixius anmashanus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
=Cixius apicalis Metcalf, 1923 – See above
21 Cixius apicata Fowler, 1904
22 Cixius apicemaculatus Distant, 1920
23 Cixius aquilonius Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
24 Cixius aragoensis Distant, 1920
25 Cixius ariadne Hoch & Asche, 1993
26 Cixius arisanus Matsumura, 1914
27 Cixius armata Ribaut, 1953
28 Cixius armiger Fennah, 1945
29 Cixius australis Walker, 1851
30 Cixius azofloresi Remane & Asche, 1979
31 Cixius azomariae Remane & Asche, 1979
32 Cixius azopicavus Hoch, 1991
=Cixius azopifajo azofa Remane & Asche, 1979
=Cixius azopifajo azojo Remane & Asche, 1979
33 Cixius azopifajo azopifajo Remane & Asche, 1979
34 Cixius azoricus azoricus Lindberg, 1954
=Cixius azoricus azoropicoi Remane & Asche, 1979
35 Cixius azoterceirae Remane & Asche, 1979
=Cixius balli Kramer, 1981 – See above
36 Cixius bamendensis Van Stalle, 1988
=Cixius bandarus Caldwell, 1950 – See above
=Cixius basalis Van Duzee, 1908 – see Cixius nervosus
37 Cixius beieri Wagner, 1939
38 Cixius bicolor Matsumura, 1914
39 Cixius bidentis Matsumura, 1914
40 Cixius bipunctata (Linné, 1767) – See above
= Cixius blockeri Kramer 1981 – See above
41 Cixius brachydenta Logvinenko, 1969
42 Cixius brachyptera Van Stalle, 1988
43 Cixius brocha Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
44 Cixius broncus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
45 Cixius bueae Van Stalle, 1982
Cixius caldwelli Kramer, 1981 – See above
46 Cixius caledonica China, 1942
47 Cixius cambrica China, 1935
48 Cixius canariensis Lindberg, 1954
49 Cixius capillatus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
50 Cixius carniolica Wagner, 1939
51 Cixius cathetus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
52 Cixius cavazoricus Hoch, 1991
53 Cixius chaoensis China, 1938
54 Cixius chinai Synave, 1953
55 Cixius chituanus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
56 Cixius chouorum Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
57 Cixius chydaeus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
58 Cixius cingulata Matsumura, 1914
59 Cixius circinatus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
60 Cixius circulus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
=Cixius citrinus Walker, 1858 – See above
61 Cixius clara Melichar, 1914
=Cixius clitellus Ball, 1937 – See above
=Cixius coloepeum Fitch, 1856 – See above
62 Cixius communis Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
=Cixius comptus Fowler, 1904 – See above
=Cixius conjector Kramer, 1981 – See above
63 Cixius crambiformis (Germar, 1830)
=Cixius cultus Ball, 1902 – See above
64 Cixius (Ceratocixius) cunicularia (Linné, 1767)
= Cixius cunicularia fusca Fieber, 1872
65 Cixius curvicostata Van Stalle, 1988
66 Cixius curvus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
67 Cixius cyclus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
= Cixius decoris Valdes Ragues, 1910 – See above
68 Cixius deflexus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
69 Cixius denotatus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
70 Cixius dentatus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
71 Cixius denticulatus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
72 Cixius desertorum (Becker, 1865)
73 Cixius diastus Caldwell, 1947 – See above
74 Cixius diductus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
75 Cixius dilatus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
76 Cixius dilecta Walker, 1857
= Cixius dislogica Kramer, 1981 – See above
Cixius discretus† Li, Liu, Ren, Li & Yao, 2016 – China (Qinghai)
77 Cixius distincta Signoret, 1865
78 Cixius divisa Walker, 1858
79 Cixius dotata Walker, 1857
80 Cixius dubia Wagner, 1939
81 Cixius elbergi (Vilbaste, 1980)
82 Cixius elegantulus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
83 Cixius elongatus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
=Cixius evexa Kramer, 1981 – See above
84 Cixius fangi Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
85 Cixius fasciolaris Spinola, 1852
86 Cixius finita (Walker, 1857)
87 Cixius flavescens Matsumura, 1914
88 Cixius flaviceps Matsumura, 1913
=Cixius flavobrunnea Fowler, 1904 – See above
89 Cixius fraternus† Germar & Berendt, 1856 (fossil)
90 Cixius furvus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
91 Cixius fustis Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
=Cixius gayi Spinola, 1852 – See Catonia
92 Cixius gladius Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
93 Cixius gracilis† Germar & Berendt, 1856 (fossil)
=Cixius grammica (Germar, 1830) – See above
94 Cixius granulata Horváth, 1897
95 Cixius gravelyi Muir, 1922
96 Cixius guttulata Walley, 1932
97 Cixius habunus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
98 Cixius hachijonis Matsumura, 1914
99 Cixius hakonensis Matsumura, 1914
100 Cixius haupti Dlabola, 1949
101 Cixius helvola Spinola, 1852
= Cixius heydenii minor Kirschbaum, 1868
= Cixius heydenii notativertex Rey, 1894
102 Cixius hirundinaria Logvinenko, 1974
103 Cixius hispida Logvinenko, 1967
104 Cixius homtiniensis Van Stalle, 1988
105 Cixius hopponis Matsumura, 1914
106 Cixius hsui Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
107 Cixius hueisunus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
108 Cixius hyalina (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805)
109 Cixius hylaea Logvinenko, 1969
110 Cixius ibukisana Matsumura, 1914
111 Cixius inaffectatus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
112 Cixius incisus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
113 Cixius inficita Walker, 1870
114 Cixius inflatus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
115 Cixius insueta Walker, 1857
116 Cixius insularis Lindberg, 1954
117 Cixius (Ceratocixius) intermedia Scott, 1870
118 Cixius kalehensis Van Stalle, 1988
119 Cixius kivuensis Van Stalle, 1988
120 Cixius kommonis Matsumura, 1914
121 Cixius krameri Tsaur, 1990 – See above
122 Cixius kukuanus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
123 Cixius kuyaniana Matsumura, 1914
124 Cixius laboriosus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
125 Cixius (Alcixius) ladon Fennah, 1958
126 Cixius latus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
127 Cixius leei Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
128 Cixius lepidus Van Duzee, 1910
129 Cixius (Orinocixius) lermontovi Gnezdilov, 2018 – Russia (Krasnodar Territory)
130 Cixius leucoescatia Costa, 1834
131 Cixius linearis Eversmann, 1837
132 Cixius lineolata Ribaut, 1960
133 Cixius linorum Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
134 Cixius logvinenkoae Emeljanov, 1979
=Cixius logvinenkovae Emeljanov, 1979
135 Cixius longirostris† Germar & Berendt, 1856 (fossil)
136 Cixius lotti Costa, 1834
137 Cixius luridus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
138 Cixius maculosus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
139 Cixius madeirensis China, 1938
140 Cixius mahungui Van Stalle, 1988
141 Cixius (Alcixius) manengoubae Van Stalle, 1986
142 Cixius matsumurai Matsumura, 1986
143 Cixius meifengensis Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
144 Cixius meruana Vilbaste, 1910
=Cixius metcalfi Kramer, 1981 – See above
=Cixius misellus Van Duzee, 1916 – See above
145 Cixius montaguei Distant, 1920
=Cixius montanus Fowler, 1904 – See above
146 Cixius monticelli Costa, 1834
147 Cixius montosus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
148 Cixius (Alcixius) morion Emeljanov, 1992
149 Cixius mubalensis Synave, 1953
150 Cixius mukanensis Synave, 1953
151 Cixius mukwanus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
152 Cixius murreensis Mushtaq, 1984
=Cixius narke Kramer, 1981 – See above
153 Cixius nawae Matsumura, 1914
=Cixius nervosus (Linné, 1758) – See above
=Cixius nervosus atavus Schumacher, 1912
=Cixius nervosus fasciatus Fieber, 1872
=Cixius nervosus minor Ferrari, 1885
=Cixius nielsoni Kramer, 1981 – See above
=Cixius nike Kramer, 1981 – See above
154 Cixius nitens Melichar, 1914
155 Cixius nitidum Emeljanov, 1964
156 Cixius nitobei Matsumura, 1914
157 Cixius nordica Mitjaev, 1990
158 Cixius nycticola Hoch & Asche, 1993
159 Cixius obliqua Stephens, 1829
160 Cixius obuduensis Van Stalle, 1988
161 Cixius obvius Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
162 Cixius ochracea Ribaut, 1953
163 Cixius operosus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
164 Cixius opposita Walker, 1851
=Cixius orcus Fennah, 1973 – See above
=Cixius ornatipennis Spinola, 1852 – see Catonia gayi
165 Cixius pallens Spinola, 1852
166 Cixius pallipes Fieber, 1876
167 Cixius palmensis Lindberg, 1960
168 Cixius palmeros Hoch & Asche, 1993
169 Cixius parallelus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
170 Cixius parinarii De Rochebrune, 1883
171 Cixius parumpunctata Signoret, 1884
172 Cixius pascuorum Ribaut, 1953
173 Cixius paucus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
174 Cixius perexiguus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
175 Cixius perpendicularis Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
176 Cixius persica Distant, 1907
177 Cixius perturbata Walker, 1870
178 Cixius petilus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
179 Cixius petrinus† Fennah, 1961 (fossil)
180 Cixius phaeptera Stephens, 1829
181 Cixius pidani Anufriev & Emeljanov, 1988
182 Cixius pilifer Melichar, 1903
183 Cixius pilosa (Olivier, 1791)
=Cixius pilosa albicincta (Germar, 1818)
=Cixius pilosa discicollis Rey, 1894
=Cixius pilosa infumata Fieber, 1872
=Cixius pilosa nigrita Haupt, 1931
184 Cixius pilosellus Matsumura, 1914
185 Cixius pinarcolada Hoch & Asche, 1993
=Cixius pini Fitch, 1851 – See above
186 Cixius pirene Fennah, 1958
187 Cixius polydentis Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
=Cixius praecox Van Duzee, 1925 – See above
188 Cixius privus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
189 Cixius procerus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
=Cixius procrustes Kramer, 1981 – See above
=Cixius prodotes Kramer, 1981 – See above
190 Cixius prognata Logvinenko, 1974
=Cixius prominens Tsaur, 1990 – See above
=Cixius pruinosa Spinola, 1852 – See above
191 Cixius pseudocunicularis Mitjaev, 1978
192 Cixius pseudomukanensis Van Stalle, 1988
= Cixius punctulatus Spinola, 1852 – See above
193 Cixius pyrenaica Fieber, 1876
194 Cixius quinarius Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
195 Cixius rarus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
196 Cixius ratonica Hoch & Asche, 1993
197 Cixius remota Edwards, 1888
198 Cixius resurgens Walker, 1858
199 Cixius reversus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
200 Cixius ripariusi Mitjaev, 1990
201 Cixius rufa Logvinenko, 1969
202 Cixius rufofasciata Logvinenko, 1974
203 Cixius sanctangeli Costa, 1834
204 Cixius scotti Edwards, 1888
205 Cixius scyllae Costa, 1834
206 Cixius segregatus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
207 Cixius selengensis Emeljanov, 1979
208 Cixius separatus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
=Cixius seriata Germar, 1830 – See above
209 Cixius serratus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
=Cixius servillei Spinola, 1839 – See above
210 Cixius setinervis Stål, 1855
211 Cixius sibirica Emeljanov, 1979
212 Cixius sidnica Stål, 1859
213 Cixius sieboldtii† Germar & Berendt, 1856 (fossil)
214 Cixius signifer Walker, 1870
215 Cixius similis Kirschbaum, 1868
216 Cixius (Ceratocixius) simplex (Herrich-Schäffer, 1835)
217 Cixius sphagnetophila Dlabola, 1957
218 Cixius spinosus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
219 Cixius spirus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
220 Cixius stallei Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
221 Cixius (Acanthocixius) sticticus Rey, 1891
222 Cixius stictica vitrea Rey, 1891
= Cixius stigmatus (Say, 1825) – See above
= Cixius stimaticus reuteri Reuter, 1880
223 Cixius stigmatica (Germar, 1818)
224 Cixius (Alcixius) stigmaticalis Melichar, 1911
225 Cixius succineus† Germar & Berendt, 1856 (fossil)
= Cixius sulcifrons (Germar, 1830) – See above
226 Cixius suturalis Matsumura, 1914
227 Cixius tacanda Hoch & Asche, 1993
228 Cixius taipingshanus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
229 Cixius taiwanus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
230 Cixius tappana Matsumura, 1914
231 Cixius (Alcixius) terminalis (Jacobi, 1910)
232 Cixius testudinarius† Germar & Berendt, 1856
233 Cixius theroni Van Stalle, 1988
234 Cixius towadensis Matsumura, 1914
235 Cixius transversus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
236 Cixius trifasciata Stephens, 1829
237 Cixius trirhacoides Remane & Holzinger, 1998
238 Cixius trispinosa Van Stalle, 1988
239 Cixius tsuifenghuenis Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
240 Cixius tungpuus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
241 Cixius turkestanica Dubovsky, 1966
242 Cixius tzuenus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
243 Cixius ugandana Van Stalle, 1988
244 Cixius ukrainica Logvinenko, 1974
=Cixius umbrosa Walley, 1932 – see C. nervosus
245 Cixius unidentata Signoret, 1863
246 Cixius vallaris Emeljanov, 1979
=Cixius vandykei Van Duzee, 1925 – See above
247 Cixius varicolor Distant, 1920
248 Cixius vatius Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
249 Cixius velox Matsumura, 1914
250 Cixius venustula (Germar, 1830)
251 Cixius verticalis Noualhier, 1897
252 Cixius vilis Walker, 1857
253 Cixius (Acanthocixius) vindobonensis Wagner, 1939
254 Cixius vitreus† Germar & Berendt, 1856 (fossil)
255 Cixius vitripennis Kirschbaum, 1868
256 Cixius vittatus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
257 Cixius wagneri China, 1942
258 Cixius wui Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
259 Cixius wusheus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
260 Cixius yangi Tsaur & Hsu, 1991
=Cixius youngi Kramer, 1981 – See above
=Cixius yufengi Tsaur, 1993 – See above
Economic Importance
Cixius are not reported to be pests, although there is a possibility that they vector phytoplasmas.
Known host plants
Nymphs of cixiids are subterranean, feeding on roots and possibly fungi. The significance of adult host records is unclear. Many cixiids are presumed to be polyphagous (as adults), most often on woody plants.
- Cixius adornatus iranicus Dlabola – Pterocarya (Juglandaceae)
- Cixius alpestris Wagner – Pinus mugo Turra (mugo pine, Pinaceae; = Pinus montana)
- Cixius angustatus Caldwell – Prunus (Rosaceae, cherry, plum)
- Cixius balli Kramer – Pinus
- Cixius cambricus China – Quercus (Oak, Fagaceae), Acer (maple, Aceraceae), Carpinus (hornbeam, Betulaceae), Rhododendron (Ericaceae) (xerothermic sites)
- Cixius cinctifrons Fitch – Carya (hickory, Juglandaceae)
- Cixius coloepium Fitch – Gaylussacia (huckleberry, Ericaceae)
- Cixius cultus Ball – polyphagous
- Cixius cunicularis (L.) – polyphagous on woody plants; Corylus (hazelnut, Betulaceae), Betula (Birch), Alnus (Alder), Ulmus (Elm, Ulmaceae) &c.
- Cixius distinguendus Kirschbaum – Fagus (Beech, Fagaceae), Quercus, Picea, Pinus
- Cixius dubias Wagner – Prunus spinosa L. (blackthorn, Rosaceae), Quercus pubescens Willd. (Downy Oak), Corylus, ‘trees & bushes’
- Cixius ephratus Ball – Salsola kali L. (Russian thistle, Chenopodiaceae)
- Cixius haupti Dlabola – Pinus
- Cixius misellus Van Duzee –Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (white spruce)
- Cixius nervosus (L.) – polyphagous on woody plants; Salix (willow, Salicaceae), Alnus, Betula, Corylus, Tilia (basswood, Tiliaceae)
- Cixius nervosus as Cixius basalis Van Duzee – Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (balsam fir, Pinaceae), Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (black spruce, Pinaceae)
- Cixius pallipes Fieber – Tamarix (Larch, tamarisk, Tamaricaceae)
- Cixius pini Fitch – Gaylussacia, Pinus, Picea, Abies
- Cixius pinicola Dufour – Pinus
- Cixius praecox Van Duzee – Salix, Populus (Salicaceae, cottonwood, poplar)
- Cixius setinervis Stal – Cliffortia strobilifera Murray (Rosaceae) (as Cliffortia ‘scrabilifera‘)
- Cixius similis – Kirschbaum – Betula pubescens Ehrh. (downy birch), Pinus, Vaccinium myrtillus L. (whortleberry, Ericaceae), V. uliginosum L. (bog blueberry)
- Cixius simplex (Herrich-Schaffer) – polyphagous on woody plants; Alnus, Betula, Tilia, Prunus spinosa L. (blackthorn, Rosaceae), Pinus
- Cixius stictus Rey – Rosa (rose, Rosaceae), shrubs
- Cixius stigmatus (Germar) – Betula, Alnus, Salix, Quercus, Rubus (blackberry, Rosaceae)
- Cixius wagneri – probably polyphagous on deciduous trees
- Cixius sp. – Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. (fourwing saltbush, Chenopodiaceae)
Hosts from Wilson et al. 1994 and Nickel 2003; plant names from USDA PLANTS or Tropicos.
Recognition
Mesonotum with 3 carinae, posterior portion of head not incised or roundly incised (Cixiini), hind tibiae without lateral spines, tegulae not hidden, wings rooflike (tectiform), apices separated (vs. Pintaliini).
Cixius pini (all photographs by Kimberley Shropshire, University of Delaware)
Cixius (Orinocixius) lermontovi Gnezdilov 2018 (from original article)
Key to species of Cixius north of Mexico OCR and edit from Kramer (1981).
Figure references are for figures in Kramer (1981)
- Aedeagal shaft with 2 processes … 2
1.- Aedeagal shaft with 3 or more processes … 7
- Apical portion of anal tube not decurved in lateral view (fig. 6); flagellum forked nearly symmetrically at apex (fig. 6) … meridionalis Beirne
2.- Apical portion of anal tube decurved in lateral view; flagellum unforked or asymmetrically forked at apex … 3
Cixius meridionalis from Kramer 1981
- Flagellum simple {fig. 10); ventral margin of aedeagus with subquadrangular projection near base in lateral view {fig. 11) … nervosus (L.)
3.- Flagellum with one or two acute processes at apex or subapex; ventral margin of aedeagus without projection as above. 4
Cixius nervosus from Kramer 1981
- Flagellum with two acute processes (fig. 13); process on left side of shaft semicircularly hooked distally (fig. 13) … nike Kramer
4.- Flagellum with one acute process (fig. 16); process on left side of shaft not semicircularly hooked distally … 5
Cixius caldwelli and C. nike from Kramer 1981
Process on right side of aedeagus nearly as long as shaft (fig. 17); ventrobasal area of aedeagus not concave (fig. 16) … caldwelli Kramer
5.- Process on right side of aedeagus half or Jess Length of shaft; ventrobasal area of aedeagus concave … 6
- Apical portion of anal tube triangular (fig. 19); process on right side of aedeagus arising near base of flagellum (fig. 20); median lobe of pygofer broader and bluntly triangular (fig. 21). . …. quebecensis Beirne
6.- Apical portion of anal tube avicephaliform (fig. 22); process on right side of aedeagus arising behind base of flagellum (fig. 23); median lobe of pygofer roundly produced (fig. 24) … apicalis Metcalf
Cixius quebecensis and apicalis from Kramer 1981
- Aedeagal shaft with 3 processes … 8
7.- Aedeagal shaft with 4 or more processes … 21
- Anal tube with proximal portion not elongated and stalklike (figs. 25, 37) or apical margin of anal tube truncated or subtruncated (figs. 28, 33)… 9
8.- Anal tube with proximal portion elongated and stalklike and its apical margin variably acute to rounded (figs. 46, 55) … 14
Cixius stigmatus from Kramer 1981
Cixius pini from Kramer 1981
- Flagellum unusually long (fig. 25), with sharp needlelike process near middle of outer margin (figs. 26, 27) … stigmatus (Say)
9.- Flagellum not unusually long, without process as above. 10
- Dorsal margins of aedeagal shaft in lateral view with large and prominent quadrate or subquadrate elevations; flagellum with acute process protruding at apex … 11
10.- Dorsal margins of aedeagal shaft in lateral view at most slightly convex; flagellum without process as above … 12
- Lower process on right side of shaft subequal to or shorter than upper process (figs. 29, 32); aedeagus strongly convex at basoventral margin (figs. 28, 31). . . . pini Fitch
11.- Lower process on right side of shaft about twice length of upper process (figs. 34, 35); aedeagus convex or not at basoventral margin (figs. 33, 35) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …. coloepeum Fitch
Cixius coloepeum from Kramer 1981
Cixius pini from Kramer 1981
12. Veins of forewings without dark pustules … proecox Van D.
12.- Veins of forewings with dark pustules … 13
- With only one of the aedeagal processes directed dorsally in lateral view (fig. 41); both right and left positioned processes tapered to acute apices and curved to the right in ventral view (fig. 42) … cultus Ball
13.- With two of the aedeagal processes directed dorsally in lateral view (fig. 43); both right and left positioned processes not as above in ventral view (fig. 45) … ephratus Ball
Cixius praecox and cultus from Kramer 1981
- Aedeagus in lateral view stout, ventral margin indented near middle to form pair of subequal lobes (figs. 47, 50) … 15
14.- Aedeagus in lateral view variable, ventral margin not as above … 16
15. Ventral process on right side of aedeagus about half length of other aedeagal processes (fig. 47); dorsal process on right side and left side of aedeagus abruptly tapered distally (figs. 46, 47) … prodotes Kramer
15.- Ventral process on right side of aedeagus at lease as long as other aedeagal processes (fig. 50); dorsal process on right and left side of aedeagus gradually tapered distally (figs. 49, 50) . . … procrustes Kramer
Cixius ephratus prodotes from kramer 1981
With one process on left side of aedeagal shaft … 17
16.- With two processes on left side of aedeagal shaft … 18
- Aedeagus in lateral view with broad elevation on left dorsal margin and irregular subquadrate elevation on right dorsal margin (figs. 52, 53); ventral margin of aedeagus somewhat irregular but not strongly convex (figs. 52, 53) ….. angustatus Caldwell
17.- Aedeagus in lateral view with comparatively simple dorsal margins (figs. 55, 56), ventral margin of aedeagus strongly convex (figs. 58, 59) … misellus Van Duzee
Cixius angustatus and procrustes from Kramer 1981
Cixius misellus from Kramer 1981
- Styles in ventral view bilobed apically (fig. 63); posterior margin of pygofer in lateral view bluntly angled (fig. 61) …. knulli Caldwell
18.-Styles in ventral view entire apically; posterior margin of pygofer in lateral view truncated or subtruncated … 19
Cixius knulli and quebecensis from Kramer 1981
- Apical portion of anal tube in lateral view not decurved (fig. 65) … evexus Kramer
19.-Apical portion of anal tube in lateral view decurved …. 20
Cixius evexus and vandykei from Kramer 1981
- Upper process on left side of shaft shore and inconspicuous (fig. 66); posterior margin of pygofer vertical (fig. 66). . … vandykei Van D.
20.- Upper process on left side of shaft long and conspicuous (fig. 69); posterior margin of pygofer oblique (fig. 69). … narke Kramer
- Aedeagal shaft with 5 processes (figs. 70, 71); styles bilobed apically (fig. 72) … chisosus Caldwell
21.- Aedeagal shaft with 4 processes; styles not bilobed apically … 22
Cixius narke and chisosus from Kramer 1981
- Apical portion of anal tube stout and not tapered to a slender tip in lateral view (figs. 73, 76, 79) … cinctus Ball
22.- Apical portion of anal tube narrow and tapered to a slender tip in lateral view … 23
Cixius cinctus from Kramer 1981
- Apex of anal tube asymmetrically notched (fig. 82); ventral most process on right side of aedeagus el(tended basad beyond midlength of shaft (fig. 83)….. comptus Fowler
23.- Apex of anal tube symmetrically notched; ventral most process on right side of aedeagus extended barely to midline of shaft … 14
Cixius cinctus and Cixius comptus from kramer
- Posterior margin of pygofer not smoothly rounded in lateral view (fig. 85); longest aedeagal process sharply downturned in distal third (fig. 86) … clitellus Ball
24.- Posterior margin of pygofer smoothly rounded in lateral view (fig. 88); longest aedeagal process bowed in distal third (fig. 89). . balli Kramer
Cixius clitellus and balli from Kramer 1981
Collecting
Cixus can be collected by beating vegetation (esp. woody vegetation), at lights, or in various kinds of passive traps (e.g., Malaise traps). Cixius and other Cixiidae may also be attracted to traps intended for beetles (Lindgren funnel traps).
Molecular resources
As of this writing, there are three species of Cixius on Barcode of Life (Cixius nervosus, C. pini, C. praecox), and data for 4 species on Genbank (Cixius similis, C. nervosus, C. wagneri, C. pallipes) in addition to ‘Cixius sp.’
Selected references
(more still to come)
Ball, E. D. 1937. Some new Fulgoridae from Western United States. Bulletin of the Brooklin Entomological Society 32: 171-183 [177].
Bartlett, C. R., L. B. O’Brien and S. W. Wilson. 2014. A review of the planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) of the United States. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 50: 1-287.
Caldwell, J. S. 1938a. New Texan Fulgoridae (Homoptera). The Ohio Journal of Science 38: 304-306.
Caldwell, J. S. 1938b. A New Cixius from Ohio (Homoptera). The Ohio Journal of Science 38(1): 45. [Cixius angustatus new species]
Caldwell, J. S. 1950. New genera and species from Mexico (Homoptera : Fulgoroidea). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 52: 287-290 [289].
China, W. E. 1938. Die Arthropodenfauna von Madeira nach den Ergebnissender Reise von Prof. Dr. O. Lundblad Juli-August 1935. III. Terrestrial Hemiptera (Hemiptera and Homoptera Auchenorrhyncha). Arkiv for Zoologi. Utgifvet af K. Svenska Vetenskaps-akademien 30(2): 1-68.
China, W. E. 1942. A revision of the British species of Cixius Latr. (Homoptera), including the description of a new species from Scotland. Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 8: 79-110.
Costa, O. G. 1834. Prospectus familiae Cicadarum in quo enumeratio specierum in regno Neapolitano usque adhuc detectarum, et quae in Museo Nostro Servantur. Cenni zoologici, ossia descrizione sommaria delle specie nuove di animali discoperti in diversi contrade del regno nell’anno 1834 1834: 81-90.
Distant, W. L. 1907. Rhynchotal notes xli. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London. (Ser. 7) 19: 277-295 [284].
Emeljanov, A.F. 1964. New Cicadina from Kazakhstan (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha). [New species of insects of the fauna of Kazakhstan.] Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta AN SSSR 34: 3-51. [5] [Russian]
Emeljanov, A.F. 1980. New leafhopper species (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha) from the Asian regions of the USSR. Entomological Review 58(2): 66-77.
Emeljanov, A. F. 2015. Planthoppers of the family Cixiidae of Russia and adjacent territories. Keys to the fauna of Russia 177: 1-252.
Fennah, R. G. 1956. Fulgoroidea from southern China. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 28(4): 441-527 [449].
Fennah, R. G. 1958. Fulgoroidea from the Belgian Congo (Hemiptera: Homoptera). Annales du Musée du Congo Belge (Sciences Zoologique). (Ser. 8) (1957) 59: 1-206 [27].
Fennah, R. G. 1973. Three new cavernicolous species of Fulgoroidea (Homoptera) from Mexico and Western Australia. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, D. C 86(38): 439-446 [440].
Fitch, A. 1851. Catalogue with references and descriptions of the insects collected and arranged for the State Cabinet of Natural History. Annual Report of the Regents of the University on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Natural History, and the Historical and Antiquarian Collection. Albany, New York 4: 43-69.
Fitch, A. 1856. Third report on noxius and other insects of the State of New York. Transactions of the New-York State Agricultural Society 16: 315-490 [452].
Germar, E. F. 1830a. Species Cicadarium enumeratae et sub genera distributae. Thon’s Entomologisches Archiv 2 (2):1-8 [i.e. 37-44], 45-57.
Germar E. F. and G. C. Berendt. 1856. Die im Bernstein befindlichen Hemipteren und Orthopteren der Vorwelt. In: Berendt G. C. 1856 – Die im Bernstein befindlichen organischen Reste der Vorwelt gesammelt in Verbindung mit Mehrenen, bearbeitet und herausgegeben, 2(1). G. C. Berendt (Ed), Berlin (Germany). p. 1-40.
Gnezdilov, V. M. 2018. A new species of the genus Cixius (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Cixiidae) from Krasnodar territory. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 322(1): 45–49.
Herrich-Schäffer, G. A. W. 1835. Homoptera. Nomenclator Entomologicus. Verzeichnis der europäischen Insecten: zur Erleichterung des Tauschverkehrs mit Preisen versehen 1: 1-116.
Hoch, H. 1988. A new cavernicolous planthopper species (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea: Cixiidae) from Mexico. Mittheilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft. Schaffhausen 61(-1): 295-302.
Hoch, H. 1991. Cave-dwelling Cixiidae (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea) from the Azores. Bocagian Museu do Funchal. Madère 149: 1-9.
Hoch, H. & M. Asche. 1993. Evolution and speciation of cave-dwelling Fulgoroidea in the Canary Islands (Homoptera: Cixiidae and Meenoplidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. London 109: 53-101.
Holzinger, W. E. 1999. On three species of the planthopper genera Cixius and Trirhacus in the eastern Palaearctic (Hemiptera: Cixiidae). Reichenbachia 33(1): 13-19.
Holzinger, W. E., I. Kammerlander and H. Nickel. 2003. Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha excluding Cicadellidae. Volume 1. The Auchenorrhyncha of Central Europe. Brill Academic Publishing, Leiden, Netherlands.
Jacobi, A. 1910. 12 Hemiptera. 7 Homoptera. Wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den Umgebenden Massaisreppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905-1906. Schwedischen Akademie der wissenschaften 1910: 97-136.
Kalkandelen, A. 1988. Taxonomic studies on the species of Cixiidae (Homoptera) from Turkey. 2. Cixiinae: Cixius and Tachycixius. Bitki Koruma Bulteni 28(3-4): 113-140. pdf
Kramer, J. P. 1981. Taxonomic study of the planthopper genus Cixius in the United States and Mexico (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Cixiidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 107(1-2): 1-68.
Kramer, J. P. 1983. Taxonomic study of the planthopper family Cixiidae in the United States (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 109: 1-57.
Latreille, P. A. 1804. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes. 12: 424 pp. [310].
Li Yi, Liu Xiaohui, Ren Dong, Li Xiangchuan & Yao Yunzhi. 2016. First report of Cixiidae insect fossils from the Miocene of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and their palaeoenvironmental implications. Alcheringa 41: 1-7 [2].
Lindberg. H. 1954. Entomologische Ergebnisse der finländischen Kanaren-Expedition 1947-1951. N:o 1. Hemiptera insularum canariensium. Systematik, Oekologie und Verbreitung der kanarischen Heteropteren und Cicadinen. Commentationes Biologicae. Societas Scientiarum Fennica 14(1): 1-304.
Linné, C. 1767. II. Hemiptera. In: Linné C. 1767 – Systema Naturae. Editio duodecima, reformata, 1. p. 703-712.
Logvinenko, V. N. 1974. New species of leaf-hoppers (Cixiidae Homoptera) from the genus Cixius Latr. Dopovidi Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoi RSR. (Ser. B) 36(4): 375-379.
Matsumura, S. 1913. Thousand insects of Japan additamenta. 1: 184 pp.
Matsumura, S. 1914. Die Cixiinen Japans. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 8: 393-434.
Melichar, L. 1903,. Homopteren-Fauna von Ceylon. 1903: 248 pp.
Melichar, L. 1911. Collections receuillies par M. M. de Rothschild dans l’Afrique Orientale. Homoptères. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 1911: 106-117.
Melichar, L. 1914. Homopteren von Java, gesammelt von herrn Edw. Jacobson. Notes from the Leyden Museum. Leyden 36: 91-112 [94].
Metcalf, Z. P. 1923a. A key to the Fulgoridae of Eastern North America with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 38(3): 139-230, plus 32 plates. [from http://www.lib.unc.edu/dc/jncas/].
Metcalf, Z. P. 1936. General Catalogue of the Homoptera. Fascicle IV Fulgoroidea . Part 2 Cixiidae. Smith College, Northhampton, Massachusetts.
Mitjaev, I.D. 1990. [New cicads from the montainous regions of Kazakhstan]. Trudy Instituta Zoologii Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR 45: 5-20.
Mozaffariyan, F., M. Taqi Zadeh, S. Sajedi, A.Al-F. Haji Esmaeiliyan and M.R. Ne`matiyan. 2008. Investigations on the fauna of cicadas, spittlebugs, leafhoppers, treehoppers and planthoppers in region 1, including Tehran, Semnan, Ghom and some parts of Ghazvin and Markazi provinces (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Plant Protection Reseach Institute, Tehran, Iran.
Noualhier, J. M. 1897. Hémiptères recueillis par M. A. Fauvel à Madère, en mai et juin 1896. Revue d’Entomologie. Publiée par la Société Française d’Entomologie 16: 76-80.
Nickel, H. 2003. The Leafhoppers and Planthoppers of Germany (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha), Patterns and strategies in a highly diverse group of phytophagous insects , Pensoft Series Faunistica 28, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Orosz, A. 2003. Cixius (Tetracixius) pinivorus sp. n., a new planthopper species from the western Pyrenees (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Folia Entomologica Hungarica 64: 95-103.
Osborn, H. 1938. The Fulgoridae of Ohio. Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey 6:283-349.
Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J. 1805. Insectes recueillis en Afrique et en Amérique, dans les Royaumes d’Oware et de Benin, à Saint-Domingue et dans les Etats-Unis, pendant les années 1786-1797. 1805: 170.
Remane, R. and M. Asche. 1979. Evolution und Speziation der Gattung Cixius Latreille 1804 (Homoptera Auchenorrhyncha Fulgoromorpha Cixiidae) auf den Azorischen Inseln. Marburger Entomologische Publikationen 1(2): 1-264.
Remane, R. and W. E. Holzinger. 1998. Zwei neue Cixius (Ceratocixius)-Arten aus der Südwestpalaearktis (Insecta: Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cixiidae). Reichenbachia 32 (28): 181-186.
Rey, C. 1891. Observations sur quelques Hémiptères-Homoptères et descriptions d’espèces nouvelles ou peu connues. Revue d’Entomologie. Publiée par la Société Française d’Entomologie 10: 240-256.
Ribaut, H. 1960. Deux Cixiides nouveaux des Pyrénées-orientales (Homoptera Cixiidae). Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 95: 197-201.
Salar, P., J. L. Danet, J. J. Pommier and X. Foissac. 2010. The biology of Cixius wagneri, the planthopper vector of ‘Candidatus Phlomobacter fragariae ‘ in strawberry production tunnels and its consequence for the epidemiology of strawberry marginal chlorosis. Julius-Kuhn-Archiv 427: 24-26.
Say, T. 1825. Descriptions of new Hemipterous insects collected in the expedition to the Rocky Montains, performed by order of Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under command of Major Long. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 4: 307-345 [336].
Shakila, Mushtaq 1984. Morphotaxonomical studies of some families of Fulgoroidea found in Pakistan and adjoining countries (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Thesis. 387 pp. University of Karachi, Department of Zoology, Karachi.
Signoret, V. 1863. Homoptères in Révision des Hémiptères du Chili. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. Paris. (Ser. 4) 3: 541-588.
Stål, C. 1855. Hemiptera fran Kafferlandet. Ofversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 12: 89-100.
Stål, C. 1859. Hemiptera. Species novas descripsit. Fregatten Eugenies Resa. Arkiv for Zoologi. Utgifvet af K. Svenska Vetenskaps-akademien 4: 219-298.
Stephens, J. F. 1829. Ordo VII : (14). Homoptera, Leach. In: Stephens J. F. 1829 – A systematic catalogue of British insects, 2. p. 355-361.
Synave, H. 1953. Cixiidae (Hemiptera, Homoptera). Exploration du Parc National Upemba. Mission G. F. de Witte (1946-49) 23: 1-49 [37].
Szklarzewicz, T., W. Jankowska, K. Lukasiewicz and B. Szymańska. 2007 Structure of the ovaries and oogenesis in Cixius nervosus (Cixiidae), Javesella pellucida and Conomelus anceps (Delphacidae) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha). Arthropod Structure and Development 36(2): 199-207.
Tsaur, S. C. 1990. Two new species of Cixius from California (USA) (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Cixiidae): With a revised key to the species of the genus. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology Academia Sinica (Taipei) 29(1): 49-56.
Tsaur, S. C. 1993. A new species of Cixius from the United States (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Cixiidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 69(3): 247-249.
Tsaur, S. C., T. C. Hsu and J. van-Stalle. 1991. Cixiidae of Taiwan, part 5. Cixiini except Cixius. Journal of Taiwan Museum 44(1) 1: 1-78.
Tsaur, S. C., T. C. Hsu and J. van-Stalle. 1991. Cixiidae of Taiwan, part 4. Cixius. Journal of Taiwan Museum 44(2): 169-306.
Valdes Ragues, P. 1910. Classification Gundlach de Hemipteros Cubanos, Conforme a los Ejemplares que Existen en el Museo del Instituto de 2a. Ensenanza de la Habana. Anales de la Academia de Ciencias Medicas, Fisicas y Naturales de la Habana 46: 425-446.
Van Duzee, E. P. 1925. New Hemiptera from Western North America. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco. (Ser. 4) 14: 391-425.
Van Stalle, J. 1982. Scientific results of the Belgian Mount-Cameroon expedition (February-April 1981). III. Fam. Cixiidae, Derbidae, Meenoplidae, Dictyopharidae, Achilidae, Lophopidae and Tettigometridae (Homoptera – Fulgoroidea). Bulletin du Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique 54(6): 1-18.
Van Stalle, J. 1985. Redescription and taxonomic notes on three Pentastirini described as Cixius latifrons Walker, Moysella sinaitica Horvath and Mesoliarus malagensis Matsumura (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea, Cixiidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 58(3-4): 441-445.
Van Stalle, J. 1988. A review of the Afrotropical species of the genus Cixius Latreille, 1804 (Homoptera, Cixiidae). Revue de Zoologie Africaine 102(2): 223-252.
Wagner, W. 1939. Die Zikaden des Mainzer Beckens. Zugleich eine Revision der Kirschbaumschen Arten aus der Umgebubg von Wiesbaden. Jahrbuch des Nassauer Vereins fur Naturkunde Wiesbaden 86: 77-212.
Walker, F. 1851. List of the specimens of Homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. 2: 261-636. [347]
Walker, F. 1857. Catalogue of the Homopterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo, by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society 1: 141-175.
Walker, F. 1858. Supplement. In: Walker F. 1858 – Supplement. List of the specimens of Homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum Pp. 1-307.
Walker, F. 1870. Catalogue of the Homopterous insects collected in the Indian Archipelago by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. London 10: 82-193.
Walley, G. S. 1932. Two new species of Cixius (Homoptera, Fulgoridae). The Canadian Entomologist 64: 21-22 [22].
Wilson, S. W., C. Mitter, R. F. Denno and M. R. Wilson. 1994. Evolutionary patterns of host plant use by delphacid planthoppers and their relatives. In: R. F. Denno and T. J. Perfect, (eds.). Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management. Chapman and Hall, New York. Pp. 7-45 & Appendix.
